Isixando isenzi - it ... ukusuka 'kunye umenziwa izenzi

Transitivity / umenziwa na umba, ngokusekelwe apho kunokwenzeka khona ukuba ukwaba ubudlelwane phakathi zezifundo amelane izenzo. Intsingiselo yalo didi kukuba isifundo owenza isenzo kunye japan bayo 'angaba "(yiya) okanye" ukuba "(hayi ukuya) ngalo mbandela. Ngoko ke, izenzi ngolwimi Russian zahlulwe zibe ukusuka 'kunye umenziwa.

Ukusuka 'kunye nezenzi umenziwa. intsingiselo lungelelanisa

Ukuze ubone ukuba inguqu, kuyimfuneko ukuchonga ndoqo ukuba uthanda ugcwalisa isenzi kwaye zokuphawula ethile lwetyala.

Isixando isenzi - kwisenzi ukuba unalo ixabiso inyathelo, nto leyo sibhekiswe into kwaye Kuchaza okanye uvelisa oko (khangela umsebenzi, umbe umngxuma).

isenzi umenziwa - ubonisa intshukumo okanye isikhundla isithuba, okanye isimo sengqondo okanye ngokwasemzimbeni.

Kwakhona ayikhuphi ekuthiwa-izenzi labile. Baya inokufana exeshana umenziwa (ulawulo umhleli ngqangi - ihlabathi lilawulwe ngobulungisa yindoda ngokwakhe).

umahluko syntactic

eziphelayo umahluko Syntactic kunye nezenzi umenziwa ezinxulumene intsingiselo lungelelanisa. Ukusuka 'kunye umenziwa izenzi zidla zidityanisiwe:

• Lokuqala - kunye izibizo nezimelabizo elibonisa into amanyathelo, Akunakuziphendulela kwityala wesenzo (funda iphephancwadi, ukuze kunyangwe intombazana).
• Okwesibini - kunye nezongezelelo leyo ahleliweyo izibizo nezimelabizo, izalathandawo okanye ngaphandle kwazo kuphela xa iimeko elibhalwe ngokumileyo (ukudlala phandle, kuhamba eyadini). Kananjalo zingasetyenziswa izenzi umenziwa wesenzo, kodwa ngaphandle sisingxengxezo kunye iphethe ixabiso ixesha okanye indawo: abakhenkethi ukuba imini nobusuku.

Ukongeza, izenzo le into kwisenzi Isixando ingavezwa kwimeko genitive, kodwa kuphela kwezi meko zilandelayo:

• kwi nesikhundla into: ukuthenga amanzi okusela iti;
• ukuba kukho ukukhanyela isenzi: I ilungelo, andiyi ukufunda le ncwadi.

Ukusuka 'kunye nezenzi umenziwa (Table) kufuneka umahluko omkhulu.

features morphological

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi zenzi musa ukuba ezithile iimpawu morphological. Sekunjalo, iintlobo ezithile lokusekwa ilizwi aba izalathi si zokunikwa ukusuka 'okanye isenzi umenziwa. isenzi Isixando - is:

• Zonke izenzi imise xia (ukwenza);
• izenzi denominative apho Isimamva okanye -e- yabelwe okanye ucebo - (- icha-): khetha aze wayicola ido-, ukunyoluka.

Yi yenguqu ekunokuthiwa izenzi akhiwa iziphawuli kunye -and- nesimamva: luhlaza, abamnyama.

Kukho ezinye iimeko apho, ziqaliswe bespristavochnym izenzi umenziwa ukwenza izenzi ukusuka '. Imizekelo ukulimaza yokungenelela.

Ukuba isindululo ayikho isongezelelo, kuba ukhonza nesenzi ukusuka 'umenziwa: Umfundi ubhala (ekubaluleni ipropati lokuba lo mntu) kulungile.

izenzi umenziwa abe iqela elikhethekileyo kwezenzi zochazo attribute kwawo - a -sya isimamva (azihlambe, emva).

izenzi zochazo. iimpawu

izenzi zochazo zihlolisiswe kwikharityhulam yesikolo, kwakunye zenzi ukusuka '(Grade 6).

Ngokuphukela kukungabi isenzi isenzo, wayenikela. Oku akhiwa amasuntswana (postfix) -sya (-s).

Sinako ukwahlula ezi mpawu zilandelayo engundoqo ezi zenzi:

• Okokuqala, ukuba balingise zombini izenzi Isixando (inxitywa - ukunxiba) kwaye ukusuka umenziwa (ndinkqonkqoza - ndinkqonkqoza). Sekunjalo, ukubuya (izenzi Isixando emva ukudibanisa -s postfix (xia)) kuyo nayiphi na imeko, ukuba umenziwa (isinxibo - banxibe up).
• Okwesibini, postfix wongezelela wathi: xia - emva consonants (azihlambe, ukuhlamba, ahlambe), -s - emva izikhamiso (isinxibo, isinxibo). Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umthendeleko lisoloko kubhaliweyo kunye postfix-xia (yokuxhela, zihlambeke).
• Okwesithathu, izenzi zochazo akhiwa ngeendlela ezintathu: suffixal Postaffixal - ngokudibanisa isimamva esikhondweni kunye postfix (+ ve Res (kuba), kuba), ziqaliswe-Postaffixal (at pit_sya +) Postaffixal (ahlambe + ibe).

imfundo ahlobene xia kunye participles zezenzi

Ekubeni iimpawu eziphambili morphological Isixando izenzi - ukuyilwa avela e xia kunye participles zezenzi, nto leyo uncharacteristic ukuba izenzi umenziwa nokuziqhelanisa nale nkqubo ngokweenkcukacha.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, isenzi ukusuka '- yenye yakha ebelidlula isixando okanye derevativy ophela xia, apho unokuba imbuyekezo (ungxamile), ixabiso isixando (esekwe), dekauzativnoe (break).

Ezi nketho ke izenzi add (ubunzima), iindleko, kwaye uninzi se semelfaktivov Well (kovyrnut). Ngaphandle kwezi zenzi aziyo imbuyekezo isixando nezakhi.

Kodwa kukho izenzi umenziwa ekwaziyo yokutshata izakhiwo zezenzi. Umzekelo, isenzi lokulindela. It amiliswe kuyilo umenziwa isixando kongezwe le genitive: ndilindele ukufika Basil - ukufika kulindeleke Basil.

Ukuhlanganisa ukusuka 'isenzi

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba utshintsho ayikho libinzana enye esesikweni, kodwa kukho umkhwa yekeyeke udidi transitionality kunye iimpawu olusesikweni yesenzi, ezifana izimaphambili ngamazwi:

• Abaninzi kwezenzi non-returnable ukuba isimaphambili ezahlukeneyo, kukho utshintsho (kweso, tyhala ngaphandle). Ezi nketho zezi: isenzi Isimamva ebonisa intshukumo -va- / -iva- / -a- (ujingi, drive); izenzi, ezithi zibonise iipropati into utshintsho zidityaniswe, ingakumbi abo equlethe Isimamva -nu- wabumba izenzi umenziwa (ukunyibilikiswa, anyibilike, aphakama); izenzi equlathe izikhamiso -e- case ezibonisa utshintsho kwiipropati (abe corpulent, izityebi); kubandakanywa - ixilongo yena watshintsha ingqondo yakhe.
• Phantse zonke izenzi zitshone equlathe isimaphambili ngenxa, zezomzuzwana (ngaphandle: izmoknut, ungoma, ukuba wena nceda, kunye nabanye).

Iipropati esemantiki izenzi Isixando

Ulwimi IsiRashiya kwiklasi omkhulu izinto ngqo. Ngaphandle kwabo enokuchatshazelwa kakhulu meko, isenzi sinokuba into ngqo, kudlala indima nganye lwesemantiki (umzekelo, yabona, kufuneka udale - nala isenzi Isixando kunye into, akukho nto yenzekayo, oko abonakaliswa, akatshintshi).

Kubonakala ukuba inkcaso yexeshana kufuneka amazwi usebenzisa ingqiqo kwiklasi lesenzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba isenzi Isixando akuthethi abonisa imeko agentivity-patsientivnuyu. Kodwa kuyenzeka noko qaphela ezinye eziqhubekayo.

isenzi Isixando - is:

• ukusilela okanye ukutshatyalaliswa yesenzi injongosenzi (ukubulala, kuyaphula);
• into nesenzi itshintsha ifomu (ngumash, compress);
• Isenzi iimvakalelo moya (singabakhubekisi, ekukruqulayo, Kuyanikhubekisa).

Iipropati lwesemantiki kwezenzi umenziwa

Iphawula iimpawu lwesemantiki kwezenzi haiy, uyakwazi ukuchaza iimpawu bonke abanye, oko kukuthi umenziwa:

• Izenzi akutshatanga, kungekho wokongeza i-ons, oko kukuthi eziphawula utshintsho kwi patsiensa karhulumente (into ethe ngqo, bachatshazelwe kakhulu yile meko), apho ayibangelwa kuMmeli. Okanye mhlawumbi kuba njalo xa Agens idlala indima minor: ukuba afe, ukubola, drop, emanzi.
• Kabini nge ngqo. Okt izenzi ukunceda (ngaphandle ukugcina): ukukhuthaza, ukunceda, evuna, vspomoschestvovat.
• Izenzi zisetyenziswa kunye into lithe tso inxalenye ilungu agentive isenzi (intshukumo, intshukumo, ujingi).
• Izenzi basuke imeko wasentsomini (ukubala, silindele (ukuba), sithembele, sithembele).

iintlobo ezifana ezongeziweyo ngqo

Idla lowu ukuba inkalo ephambili kwezenzi ukusuka '- ukukwazi ukuba basebenzisane ngenjongo ngqo kwi wesenzo. Kodwa kukho iiklasi kwezenzi asetyenziswa kuphela kunye izibizo nezimelabizo kwimeko wesenzo, yaye igama okanye ingeniso kwezinye iinxalenye zentetho semantically twatse kuyo ezingafani. Kungaba:

• Izithetha ntonye (I phina emva indlebe);
• iqela genitive (uyisemkhulu akazange ukufunda iphephandaba);
• iqela izibaluli (ayiseli lukhulu, ndagqiba);
• actant sentential (nethi turnover - Ndiyakuthanda ukuya yemidlalo yeqonga; igatya isetyenziswa ngokudibene -ukuba umbutho okanye Yintoni - bendisazi ukuba uza kuya elwandle; igatya ngokudibene ne-Union-xa - Andiyithandi xa imvula).

Ezinye izakhiwo akuluhlu nje kuphela indawo into ngqo lisetyenziswa kwisenzi haiy, kodwa kwakhona olusetyenzisiweyo ukulicacisa umsebenzi ofanayo kunye nezenzi umenziwa. ezizezi:

• Isantya esithi (woyika ukuya ehlathini ebusuku);
• amagatya nentsebenziswano kunye nemibutho kwaye -ukuba Yintoni (waba nomsindo ukuba akazange afike, yaye wathandazela ukuba weza);
• amagatya ngokudibene ne-Union-xa (Andiyithandi xa zigcinwe zivaliwe iingcango);
• genitive (yena uyayiphepha le guys)
• design a lot of (UAlina elele lukhulu).

Analogs yeendawo ezongeziweyo phezulu wesenzo zabakhonzela namaqondo awohlukeneyo iimpawu ezongeziweyo ngqo zobugcisa kwangaphambili.

Ngamafuphi

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isifundo yenye inzima, sakwazi ukubona ukuba yintoni na isenzo ukusuka '. Kananjalo wafunda ukwahlukanisa kwi non-inguqu, kwaye yabe phakathi vozratnye lokugqibela. Yaye ukungqina oko, siya kunika umzekelo amabinzana ngezenzi Isixando, umenziwa ndibuyele:

• Lenguqu: ngepeyinti iindonga, aphathe isigulane, funda incwadi, wenze isuti, ukwandisa umkhono, athenge iti, amanzi asele, akanalo ilungelo lokuba ahluze umntwana;
• umenziwa: ukuhamba ezitratweni, bakholelwa elungileyo, uhamba epakini, incitshiswe ukuba ido- nge nokudinwa;
• ukubuyela: ukufumana izinto, awuvumelani, sisondela kufutshane omnye komnye, ukuthobela umqeshi, cinga nje, .Asikwazi umzalwana wakhe, thinta umba.