Isniphu - ntoni na? iikhowudi Ukwakha: uluhlu lwamaxwebhu, iimfuno ezisisiseko

Ngexesha uyilo kunye nolwakhiwo izakhiwo, iindlela kunye iibhulorho, bezakhiwo nabakhi zikhokelwa uluhlu lwemithetho, leyo ezivunyiweyo kumgangatho lowiso, zibizwa SNP. Yintoni na loo ungayiqondiyo, yintoni indima yalo kunye nenjongo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi nje kuphela abo benza wokwakha, kodwa bonke abanye abantu. Eli gama eziqhelekileyo iindidi amanqaku, amaxwebhu kunye abezindaba.

Eqonda nokuba ngokubanzi, oko kuthetha ntoni na isniphu (yombhalo: izithethe zokwakha kunye nemigaqo), ungenza ingxoxo nemveliso ngakumbi okhangela ukulungiswa okanye ukwakhiwa iqela, i-arhente real estate.

isakhiwo zeziFundo kunye uxwebhu

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, sesona ekhankanywe udidi isniphu ngenxa Izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye noluntu. Ngoko ke wabiza uxwebhu kubandakanya inani elikhulu kujonge izinto ezahlukeneyo, uphawu inkqubo yokwakha. izinto zakhe echaphazela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo kunye izigaba uyilo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo:

• Chaza amalungiselelo jikelele.
• Chaza imigangatho yoyilo.
• Ibe imithetho yokwakha kunye nokwamkelwa into ogqityiweyo.
• Dwelisa uqikelelo nezithethe kunye nemithetho.

Isniphu (oko kukuthi, sihlolisise jonga ngezantsi) malunga nophuhliso lweeprojekthi yezakhiwo zokuhlala kunye noluntu, bookmarks loseko zabo, ulwakhiwo beendonga (kwakunye moya lwezitepsi kunye cells), ubungakanani kunye nendawo iifestile neengcango, kwakunye neminye imiba emininzi. Ukongeza, uxwebhu imihlathi uchaza iimfuno sonikezelo lwamanzi, uthungelwano zombane, amanzi amdaka kunye ukufudumeza. into nganye kwababaliweyo kunye nesihloko.

Ukuphuhlisa imithetho, yiko baye bazama ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ucacise ngokupheleleyo zonke iimfuno ukuphepha ukungaqondi kunye ekuchazweni of isniphu.

Into oyiyo; imiyalelo engqongqo okanye izincomo amanyathelo?

isakhiwo ngasinye esitsha, nokuba injongo, kufuneka yakhiwe ngokungqinelana neemfuno isniphu. Eli gama "kumelwe", kodwa ngenxa yezizathu zokhuseleko kuphela.

La manani uxwebhu ukulinganisela, kubalwa inkqubo yobalo ezintsonkothileyo. I-processing of izixa ezikhulu-manani indawo eyiyo lokuthwala iindonga sele kwakuthe, umgama phakathi iiwindow, nobhazabhaza ubukhulu, ubude handrail kunye namanyathelo, ubume kwanokuxinana le eziphathekayo, kwakunye nezinye iimpawu.

Ngokomzekelo singakwazi siqwalasele engile utyekelo leri. Eyona lula nekhuselekileyo ingqalelo isakhiwo ngezinyuko kunye utyekelo ukusuka degrees-30 ukuya kuma-50. La manyathelo zingasetyenziswa kuphela abantu abadala, amadoda esebenzayo kunye nabafazi, kodwa abantwana kunye nabantu abadala.

Xa Abakhi zithobele isniphu wamvusa babolekisane zabo ngokwakha ethembakeleyo, ekhuselekileyo, ukhululekile kunye ixesha elide. Kwiimeko apho khowudi yokwakha (isniphu) aphulwe, iingxaki zilandelayo zenzeke:

• Ukunqongophala intuthuzelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngesakhiwo.
• Fall nokulimala zobuqu.
• Shrinkage wendlu.
• Kukuvela neentanda ezindongeni.
• Breakage zokufudumeza kunye kwimibhobho (kukophula isakhiwo geometry).
• engozini yomlilo.
• Kuwa eluphahleni stairwell, okanye eluphahleni lwendlu.

Kakade ke, le meko yokugqibela - oku imeko ecaleni okubi, kodwa kufuneka ziqwalaselwe.

Evolution of the Building Regulations

веке. Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, iindlela kunye iibhulorho ebesoloko umsebenzi nzima yaye uxanduva, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba izithethe yokuqala kunye nemigangatho kwavela kwinkulungwane okude elinanye. Kakade ke, baye kuthi yongezwe ihlenga ngexesha kwiinkulungwane zilandelayo. Ezo imithetho, esikwaziyo namhlanje, ukuba ekhulisa "iKhowudi nemigangatho zokwakha-mveliso" (ekupheleni imi- 20-lwekhulu XX).

Building Regulations (isniphu) zaye kuqala yamkelwa ngo-1955 yaye ukususela ngoko iye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuhlelwa. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba uninzi izinto ezifanelekileyo kwaye iluncedo kangaka kude. abahleli esebenzayo kakhulu isniphu lwaqhutywa kwi-90, 2000. Iminyaka engamashumi amabini, kwenziwe eziliqela kokunciphisa kunye uhlengahlengiso hayi kuphela kwisicatshulwa yolu xwebhu, kodwa imigangatho yesizwe.

Isniphu: yombhalo kwekota kunye neentlobo imithetho

Olu xwebhu iqulathe amacandelo amahlanu:

1. Eyokuqala iqulethe imithetho enxulumene umbutho, ulawulo kunye nomba kwezoqoqosho yokwakha. Apha iimfuno kubekiwe ukuba injineli okanye umakhi projekthi, ucacise ukuba esweni inkqubela yomsebenzi.
2. Icandelo lesibini yeyona inkulu, kukhanyise imigangatho yoyilo. Kukho sub-amacandelo anxulumene ukhuseleko, ikhonkrithi, isinyithi kunye nezinye izakhiwo kunye nophahla, uthungelwano zobunjineli kunye neenkqubo, ukuthuthwa, yamanzi, ngokunjalo nophuhliso lwedolophu.
3. Icandelo lesithathu sichaza inkqubo lombutho imveliso kunye nolwamkelo.
4. Lwesine idwelisa uqikelelo imigangatho ezikhoyo.
5. Icandelo sesihlanu iqulethe inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ekuvumela ukuba ukubala ubungakanani izinto eziya kusetyenziselwa ukwakha into ethile. Ukongeza, kukho imigangatho iindleko zabasebenzi kunye nezixhobo zokwakha.
   

Iimpawu ukwakhiwa zeenqwelwana isiseko

Xa ulwakhiwo ecwangcisiweyo isakhiwo okanye isakhiwo ukugalelwa isiseko ifumene ingqalelo ukwanda. Kweli nqanaba akunakwenzeka ukuba ngoyaba SNP sikhundla. LeZiseko - ixhasa zonke izindlu, zimele umthwalo elikhulu, yaye ukuba lo inxalenye yesakhiwo ukuba njengesonakeleyo, umgangatho wonke umsebenzi uya kakhulu lincitshiswe.

Ukuze kube nokwakhiwa isiseko esiluqilima, iinjineli athathele ingqalelo zonke iimpawu zejoloji ndawo kunye namava abo sele wenziwe ngempumelelo umsebenzi ofanayo. Kwiimeko apho ufuna ukwakha indlu phezu kumhlaba iimeko entsonkothileyo zejoloji projekthi babandakanyekayo uphuhliso lwamashishini ezizodwa.

Njengoko wolwakhiwo ocwangcisiweyo isiseko

Emva kokuhlolisisa bonke iimeko isigqibo iparameters zilandelayo:

1. uhlobo lesiseko. Kunokuba zendalo okanye ezenziwe ngumntu.
2. ukwakhiwa Typology.
3. Ubunzulu tab.

Isihlabo elizayo phezu isiseko sendlu ibalwa ngokungqinelana neemfuno isniphu. LeZiseko zokuFunda kufuneka ziyilwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo lokuzala amandla, iziphumo deformation kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo.

umthamo umthwalo kubalwa kwiimeko apho imithwalo okulindelekileyo ezinkulu tyaba, kwakunye ukuba ikamva isakhiwo kubekwa phezu kumathambeka okanye kwiindawo ezilulwalwa. Kwiimeko apho isiseko cha qinisekisa ukuba indawo, ebizwa amandla ayikwazi ukubala.

Xa projekthi ibandakanya ukwakhiwa isiseko ngoko nangoko emva eyothi, ulawulo umthwalo kwinkqubo.

Isiseko amanzi angaphantsi

Uphononongo ngenyameko SNP (iziseko uyilo kunye neziseko) kuyabonakala ukuba ukubaluleka banikwa uhlobo lomhlaba kunye komhlaba Okukodwa. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu kuba uqikelelo okubi ukuthintela yonke ukwakhiwa.

Isniphu iqulathe izinto eziliqela kunye nenkcazelo iinkalo ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusakhiwa isiseko yendalo:

• Umhlaba kufuneka emkhenkceni. Kuba iindawo nge iimfuno lobushushu onganambithekiyo enye: kufuneka ibe unfrozen emhlabeni.
• umhlaba evakalala ubunjwe.
• Ukuba ndawo ithe gqolo ukufumana izikhukula, zithathelwa ingqalelo ixesha elide follow-up.

Ukuze ufumanise iimpawu eziphambili komhlaba, qiniseka ukuba benze iimvavanyo. Xa oku kuxhomekeke ukutshintsha ngexesha iimeko ulwakhiwo mhlaba olunamanzi lwe data test (ukwanda aphantsi komhlaba, imbonakalo okanye iimpembelelo zezulu ngamaxesha vadose). Xa isiseko sele sakhiwe, oko phantsi uvavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlala umhlwa.

Iimfuno SNP kwakhona ucacise kubunzulu apho isisekelo ukuba wenziwe. Le parameter luxhomekeke kwinjongo kunye nobukhulu yoyilo.

Ngokubaluleka iimfuno ezinxulumene amdaka kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi

Njengazo zonke ezinye umsebenzi wokwakha, uyilo inkqubo umjelo kunye nokufakwa kufuneka kwenziwe ngokungqinelana nemigangatho kunye nemimiselo. Noko ke, abakhi ezininzi jonga phantsi imithetho ekhoyo, nangona siyazi loo isniphu. Yintoni na noko iphuhliswe, bazi kakuhle, Noko ke, cinga imigangatho ezinjalo eninzi ngokugqithiseleyo, ezingenangqondo kunye ezingafanelekanga. Ngenxa yoko, xa kufika ixesha lokuba alungise okanye ukubuyisela elementi amanzi okanye ilindle aphilileyo, abanini ekhaya ezijongene mngeni omkhulu. Ukongeza, le nkqubo nzinyana ukusebenzisa, yaye nokuba kubi kakhulu iimeko yococeko kule ndawo.

Ukuze uphephe oku, umthengi kufuneka ucele imigangatho esweni inkqubo yokwakha.

Uthungelwano sewer ngaphakathi langaphandle

kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba zombini amakhaya zabucala kunye izakhiwo yokuhlala sonikezelo kunye nokulahlwa kwamanzi neenkqubo. Bekela bucala ayinathungelwano lwesuweji lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle:

1. Eyokuqala umbhobho eyayizalwa okumele ilawule amdaka ukusuka emakhaya ukuya amaqula okugcina amanzi. networks olunjalo obliquely ukuba emke amanzi womxhuzulane. Noko ke, maxa wambi kusetyenziswa iimpompo. Ke omnye, yaye ezimbini iinketho zilawulwa yimithetho.
2. Okwesibini - umsele, ilungu zalapho ngemibhobho kunye nemibhobho zokwakha inkqubo. Umsebenzi nkqubo imveliso iba amanzi amdaka ukusuka ekhaya ukuya idreyini yangaphandle.
   

Izinto ukuthathela ingqalelo xa wayemenza emjelweni umqambi

Ukuba zonke iimfuno isniphu, ukhuseleko izakhiwo ziya kunikwa. Kwakhona kwandisa intuthuzelo yabo lula, nto leyo ibaluleke kakhulu ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide Izakhiwo zokuhlala kunye nezoshishino.

Beyila yaye obeka imibhobho yamanzi kunye nomjelo, ngokuqhelekileyo kuthathela ingqalelo ezi zinto zilandelayo:

1. Isakhiwo, iimpawu kunye nokwakhiwa komhlaba.
2. Nokubekwa komhlaba.
3. Umthamo wamanzi apho uya kucanda kwimibhobho (omxhesho elirhoxisa).

Kwakhona ithathele ingqalelo kwizikolo ezikude kwesikhululo sokumpompa okanye amaziko unyango nge zokwakha elizayo.

Iintlobo yemibhobho kunye neemfuno

Kwimibhobho ingaba sisinyithi, intsimbi, asbestos isamente, ikhonkrithi okanye iplastiki, nto ikhankanyiwe Standard kunye isniphu imihlathi. supply Amanzi ixhomekeke imithwalo emikhulu, ngoko umbhobho kufuneka ibe namandla kulo lonke. Ngaphandle, ukuba baphenjelelwa umhlaba ufumile, ukutshintsha iqondo lobushushu kunye nezinye iimeko, yaye ingcinezelo ongaphakathi kuye amanzi. Xa kuziwa amanzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo ukwakhiwa emanzini; apha amacandelo yemichiza esebenzayo kukuninzi.

Xa ukhetha imibhobho ukuba ubonelelo lwamanzi, inkosi kufuneka ukuba ahlawule ingqalelo ileyibhile, ukuze njengogwali ngenxa iinkqubo zangaphakathi nangaphandle zahlukile kakhulu.

Xa wadibana zonke iimfuno kunye nemigangatho, umnini-khaya kunokuba lazola ukhuseleko kwemizalwane yakhe, kuba le ndlu iya kukhonza ngokuthembeka kangangamashumi eminyaka.