Izifundo Social. Iindlela Research Social

Kwihlabathi kukho iikhonsepthi ezahlukeneyo ukujongana oko ilula kakhulu. Kweli nqaku mnye, siza kuxubusha oko izifundo zentlalo, zahluke njani lwezenhlalo, yaye ngelo xesha elinye asebenzise ubuchule obusisiseko.

malunga kwamagama

Kulo mzekelo, umbuzo yamagama kakhulu sibi. Ngapha koko, iinkampani nokuba abaninzi zobungcali badla musa umahluko phakathi iingqiqo ezifana nezifundo yokuhlalisana kunye nezentlalo. Kwaye yinto engalunganga. Ngapha koko, kukho umahluko. Kwaye kakhulu ebalulekileyo.

Into yokuqala siqonde ukuba kanye yokuhlalisana njengoko efunda ngesayensi uluntu luphela, unxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo kunye bokuqonda. Ezithile zentlalo - yinto inxalenye ethile yoluntu. Oko kukuthi, ukuba wenze isigqibo lokuqala ilula, i-case study ingabhekiswa ngokupheleleyo ukuya kwinqanaba loluntu.

Yintoni umahluko?

Yintoni kanye kanye izifundo ezahlukeneyo lwezenhlalo nezentlalo?

1. Uphando Social uyalwa kuphela ngokucacile, imihlaba eliqingqiweyo kwinqanaba loluntu.
2. Kuphando yokuhlalisana, kukho iindlela ezininzi ethile, e zentlalo, amaxesha amaninzi. Nangona ndimele ndithi esixubusha kudidi engundoqo iindlela zokuphanda lwezenhlalo.
3. izifundo lwentlalo kwenziwa kuphela abaziingcali kwezentlalo, kodwa oogqirha, amagqwetha, namagosa abasebenzi, iintatheli, njalo-njalo. D.

Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba lo mbuzo umahluko ngqo ngakumbi phakathi zophando ngokuhlala lwezenhlalo okwangoku ekugqibeleni isonjululwe. oosonzululwazi Modern basazama Nixoxisana ngantoni amanye amanqaku amancinci, kodwa kubalulekile.

Into isihloko

Isifundo uphando loluntu yahluke kakhulu. Kwaye oko kuxhomekeke kumxholo abawukhethileyo. Izinto kwakhona okuba (ngokutsho Isazinzulu V. A. Lukova):

• iinkqubo zentlalo kunye namaziko.
• noluntu ekuhlaleni.
• Social amanani, amagama kunye neengcamango.
• Imimiselo ukuba ngandlel 'kuchaphazela utshintsho ekuhlaleni.
• iiprojekthi zentlalo kunye njalo njalo. D.

Imisebenzi ye Research Social

Uphando zokunxibelelana le misebenzi ilandelayo:

1. Diagnosis. Loo nto isifundo yentlalo ejolise ukuqonda imeko into ngexesha lolu phando.
2. Ukuchaneka ulwazi. Yiyo loo ulwazi buthathwa kwinkqubo yophando, kufuneka zichaneke. Kwimeko uhlengahlengiso ubugqwetha kufuneka zenziwe.
3. Izulu. Iziphumo zophando kwenza kube lula ukwenza iingqikelelo elifutshane ixesha elide yaye delineating amathuba kunokwenzeka.
4. Design. Oko kukuthi, ngokutsho iziphumo zophando nako kukhokelela kwiziphakamiso ezahlukeneyo zotshintsho kunokwenzeka kule ndawo yophando ekhethiweyo.
5. Ukwazisa. Iziphumo zophando loluntu kufuneka zifumaneke eluntwini. Kananjalo kufuneka ukuba ukhuphe iinkcukacha ezithile ebantwini, ukucacisa iingongoma ezithile.
6. Ziyaguqulwa. Ngenxa yeziphumo zophando loluntu isebenze okanye bandiqumbise umsebenzi esebenzayo ngakumbi ngeenkonzo ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, kunye nemibutho yoluntu ekusombululeni iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo into yophando.

Eyona eziphambili ze

Zeziphi iintlobo eziphambili zophando loluntu?

• uphando Academic.
• uphando Applied.

Ukuba sithethe uhlobo lokuqala, isifundo ngoku ijolise Ukugqibezela isiseko ithiyori, okt. E. Zenzele ulwazi kwindawo ethile ekhethiweyo. kuphando olwenziwayo lujoliswe ukuhlalutya indawo ezithile zobomi loluntu ekuhlaleni.

kuphando olwenziwayo

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba kukho into enjalo, njengoko uphando isicelo lwentlalo. It is a oluntsonkothileyo iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neengcamango ukunceda ukuhlalutya iingxaki zentlalo. njongo yabo iphambili kule meko ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo yokusetyenziswa ezilandelayo ukuze kuxhamle uluntu. Ngelo xesha, ezi ndlela kwavela kummandla lizwe lethu ixesha elide. Imizamo yokuqala kwi zophando lwentlalo eRashiya - ubalo. Ayekholelwa rhoqo ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-18. data uphando lokuqala njengoko kwendyebo yaqala kwixesha post-revolution (study ngu P. Sorokin kobudlelwane usapho, J. Lassen - kwisigaba ngokwesondo ubomi babantu abatsha, njl ...). Namhlanje ezi zifundo zentlalo uphethe indawo ebalulekileyo phakathi kwezinye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufunda yoluntu.

iindlela ezisisiseko

Zeziphi iindlela eziphambili zophando loluntu? Ngoko ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba mazingabhidaniswa ngeendlela lwezenhlalo. Nangona kwezinye iinkalo kusekho ukudlulela. Ezi ndlela zilandelayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo:

• Ukulinganisa.
• Evaluation.
• Diagnosis.
• LeeMviwo.

Kukho kwakhona ingqiqo enika inxaxheba aktsionistskih Research Social. Qwalasela indlela ngalinye ngokweenkcukacha.

lwavuka

Izifundo zentlalo zale mihla badla ukusebenzisa indlela ezifana Ukulinganisa. Yintoni na? Ngoko ke, lo sisixhobo design okhethekileyo. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le ndlela liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwaye isasetyenziswa nangoku namhlanje. Le modeli kakhulu - yinto into, apho, ngokutsho izimvo, ithatha into yokwenene, lo yokuqala. Isifundo le into ethile inika ulwazi oluchanileyo nzulu ngakumbi iingxaki ezisisiseko into yokwenene. Oko kukuthi, kulo mzekelo sifundo siqhutywa kwi umva. Le modeli kakhulu yenza le misebenzi mithathu ilandelayo:

1. Osho. Kule meko sithetha ngayo ezinye yokuqikelela oko kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo kunye into zophando lwentlalo.
2. Ukulinganisa. Kulo mzekelo, lujolisa nangamaxesha up kwemodeli entsha eyenza kube lula ukuqonda ngcono uphando yokuqala ngokwayo.
3. Projective. Kulo mzekelo, into kophando olucwangciseke imisebenzi okanye iipropati ezithile kwangaphambili, nto leyo kuphucula umgangatho neziphumo ezifunyenweyo.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba inkqubo modelling ngokuyimfuneko ibandakanya ukwakhiwa ukutsalwa kuyimfuneko, ekusekeni izigqibo, kwakunye nokwakhiwa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yeengcinga zenzululwazi.

ekuxilongweni

Sihlola iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando lwentlalo. Yintoni isifo? Ngoko ke, le ndlela uthotyelo ayikwazi ukufaka parameters ezahlukeneyo ekhoyo lwentlalo ekhoyo imigangatho kunye nezalathisi. Oko kukuthi, le ndlela yenzelwe ukulinganisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo into ekhethiweyo uphando lwentlalo. Ukulungiselela le njongo inkqubo ekhethekileyo iziphawuli zentlalo (oku iimpawu ezizodwa iipropati ngamnye, kwakunye nemeko izinto zentlalo).

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba indlela lixhaphakileyo kokuxilongwa lwentlalo kwenzeka umgangatho wobomi babantu sifundo okanye ukungalingani kwezentlalo. Nika ezi zigaba zilandelayo indlela diagnostic:

1. Thelekisa. Oku kungenziwa kwizifundo ezidlulileyo, iziphumo ezifunyenweyo, iinjongo zeli.
2. Uhlalutyo zonke iinguqu ifunyenwe.
3. Ukutolikwa.

iimviwo social

Ukuba wenziwe izifundo zentlalo-qoqosho, ngokufuthi indlela yazo engundoqo kanye koviwo. Oku kuquka amanyathelo zilandelayo kunye nezigaba:

1. Lokufunyaniswa into lwentlalo.
2. Ukufumana ulwazi malunga into yokufunda, kwakunye kwindawo yayo.
3. Ipredikshini of utshintsho.
4. Development zezincomo isigqibo elizayo.

Aktsionistskoe isifundo

Uphando kumsebenzi loluntu nazo aktsionistkim. Kuthetha ntoni oku? Ukuze uliqonde kakuhle, kufuneka uqonde ukuba eli lizwi - Anglicism. Ekuqaleni lo gama iyalila yophando lwentshukumo, r. F. "Uphando-isenzo" (in IsiNgesi) .. Eli gama sele ecetywayo zisetyenziswe kude 1944 isazinzulu Kurt Lewin. Kulo mzekelo uhlolisiso lubonisa inguqu eyiyo ubunyani zentlalo yento uphando. Kwaye phezu kwesi siseko, yenza izigqibo ezithile, wenza iziphakamiso.

uphando ngokusebenzisana

Eli binzana nalo Anglicism. Nxaxheba lithetha "iqela". Leyo yindlela ekhethekileyo kubonakalisa zophando, ngexesha apho into isifundo abanalo ikhono negunya ukuthatha izigqibo eziyimfuneko ukuze thina. Kulo mzekelo, izinto ukufunda ngokwabo benze umsebenzi. Indima umphandi xa lifinyele ukuba uyigcine uze ubhale iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, yenza izigqibo ezithile, wenza iziphakamiso.

uphando engqondweni

Kukho kwakhona uphando engqondweni yoluntu. Kulo mzekelo, wasebenzisa enye iindlela zichazwe ngasentla. Kodwa abanye isicelo. Ngoko, wayedla ezahlukeneyo zolawulo kunye neendlela uphando kwezemfundo.

1. Ezisetyenziswa kwimeko enjalo, uvote (umntu kufuneka baphendule imibuzo ebuzwa kuye). Xa Social Psychology, le ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa lwemibuzo okanye indlela ndlebe.
2. Uphando Social zengqondo uye kaninzi usebenzisa le ndlela ukufumana ingcaciso ngalo mbandela, njengoko uvavanyo. Kunokuba ibe zombini kunye neqela. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba le ndlela yophando ayikho ngokungqongqo zentlalo okanye ngokwasengqondweni. It nga tirhisiwaka olunengxelo yophando.
3. Enye indlela ebalulekileyo yophando Social Psychology - i umfuniselo. Ekuhambeni yale ndlela ukudala artificially imeko ekunene apho ukufunda iimpendulo ezithile yokuziphatha, okanye ezinye iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo ngamnye.

Studies of socio-economic

Ngokwahlukeneyo, kufuneka ukuba bagqale ngentliziyo, baqiqe, oko kukuthi isifundo lwezentlalo noqoqosho. injongo yabo:

1. Uphononongo kweenkqubo kwezoqoqosho.
2. Chonga ukuba yeyona ibalulekileyo imithetho yasekuhlaleni.
3. Ifuthe iinkqubo loqoqosho ubomi into yophando.
4. Ukufanisa ezibangela utshintsho ekuhlaleni ngenxa yeenkqubo ezithile kwezoqoqosho.
5. Kwaye, kakade, uqikelelo.

Study iinkqubo zentlalo noqoqosho kwenziwa nayiphi na kwezi ndlela ichazwe ngasentla. zisetyenziswa kakhulu kunene, kuba kwinqanaba loluntu ubomi ngokusondeleyo kakhulu enxibelelene kwezoqoqosho.

Social and Political Studies

Amaxesha amaninzi kwakhona zinginginya uphando kwezentlalo nezopolitiko. Injongo zazo eziphambili ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Ukuvavanywa kwabasemagunyeni kunye central.
• Ukuvavanywa neyethu lonyulo zabantu.
• Ukumisela iimfuno zamaqela ngeentlanga.
• Izulu.
• Ukumisela yentlalo-yezopolitiko kunye neengxaki zentlalo nezoqoqosho yento yophando.
• Ukufunda inqanaba uxinzeleko lwentlalo yento yophando.

Kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba ezi zifundo becala kwenziwa kwixesha phambi konyulo. Kulo mzekelo, basebenzisa zonke iindlela ngasentla. Kodwa kwakhona ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo kwakunye nocazululo lothelekiso (nokuba ezinye iindlela zophando zentlalo).

umbutho wophando

Study of iinkqubo zentlalo - oku ngumsebenzi kakhulu ixesha. Ngapha koko, kuyimfuneko ukuba alungiselele inkqubo apho zonke iinkcukacha ezisisiseko liya kupelwa phandle. Ngoko ke, olu xwebhu kufuneka ziqulathe:

1. Ulwazi malunga into nangokuxhomekeke zokufunda.
2. Kubalulekile ukuba pre-khetha indlela kuphando.
3. Ekuqaleni amiselweyo njengoko kusithiwa hypothesis. Oko kukuthi ukuba ngokolwazi lokuqala kufuneka ukufumana yoko.

qhinga yophando

Nasiphi na isifundo iingxaki zentlalo iquka eqongeni, njengesicwangciso-qhinga yophando. Pre yaye ndimele ndithi ukuba naluphi na uphando inokuba nokuqhubekeka zangaphambili okanye athathe eminye imisebenzi yokuziphatha engumzekelo ejolise ekufumaneni ulwazi okanye utshintsho ubunyani ngokwezentlalo into ekhethiweyo. Esi sicwangciso siquka ngongoma ziphambili zilandelayo:

• Ukubeka iinjongo kunye nemibuzo (kutheni ufuna ukufunda, oko ufuna ukufumana yoko, njalo njalo. D.).
• Ukuqwalaselwa kweendidi ngeendidi theoretical kunye neendlela.
• Qiniseka ukufunda izibonelelo (imali kunye nexesha aliphumeze acwangcisiweyo).
• ukuqokelelwa kwedatha.
• Ukhetho ndawo zokufunda, okt. Yesazisi E. Data.
• Ukukhetha inkqubo yolawulo lwe sifundo.

Iintlobo kulo mzekelo sifundo inokuba nomahluko kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ingaba isifundo pilot, xa mba eyaziwayo kancinane kwaye engaziwa. Kukho ixesha olunye-isifundo (endingasayi ubuyele kwento), okanye ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Longitudinal, okanye esweni, uphando lubonisa ukuba into olufundwa athile ngokwamakhefu amisiweyo.

Uphando endle kwenziwa iimeko njengesiqhelo nto. Laboratory - zamntu. An Study enokwehla ngokususela iintshukumo okanye iintshukumo yenjongosenzi, theory - ibandakanya isifundo yezenzo olugwenxa okanye into yokuziphatha uphando lwentlalo.

Oku kulandelwa ukukhetha indlela yophando (inkoliso yabo zichazwe ngasentla). Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le yeyona ndlela ibalulekileyo ukuqokelelwa kwedatha ephambili, elikuvumela ukuba ukufumana iziphumo ezithile uze uzobe ezinye izigqibo. Kubalulekile ukujonga preliminarily indlela nokusingathwa ulwazi efunyenweyo. Oku kunokuba analysis statistical, yemfuza, zembali okanye ukulinga, ucikizeko olukhulu kunye t kwezentlalo. D.