Technique Bass-Darky. Indlela for ekuxilongweni inkcazo ndlongondlongo ukutolikwa injongo kweziphumo

Bass-Darky ndlela kuye kwandululwa kwi 60s zenkulungwane yokugqibela, kodwa ufumana abaxhasi ezininzi kwaye isetyenziswa ngenkuthalo. Kuyo siya kuthi namhlanje. Singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba le ndlela (ikhweshine Bass-Darky) - omnye ethandwa kakhulu kule mihla, esetyenziswa ngezengqondo asemzini isifundo bundlobongela. Ngaphambi kokuba uthethe ngayo, kufuneka ichaze ingcamango bundlobongela. Ziziphi indlela imvelaphi yayo, intsingiselo yalo mntu? Sisonke, makhe senze oko.

Yintoni uchuku

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa ndlongo - enye yezona ndlela ithandwa zokusombulula iingxaki ezivelayo Iyandikhathaza yomntu iimeko (nzima). Ezi meko ezinzima kubangela abantu uxinezeleko ngengqondo, apho kuyimfuneko ukumelana.

isenzo senkohlakalo inokuba njengendlela ekunokufezekiswa ngayo iinjongo ezithile ezibalulekileyo. Banako ukuba indlela eya kumkhawulela lokufaka ezinye iimfuno obhobhozayo engqondweni evalekileyo. Kwakhona, izenzo silwe zisetyenziswe ukuze self-isiqiniselo kunye self-ukubonwa.

Mbono uchuku

Kangangethuba elide indlela zengqondo ukuya sohlaselo kwaye ndlongo uchazwa iingcamango leyo ayekujonga ngenxa unxunguphalo (Rosenzweig, Dollard), kunye ingqiqo yomtsalane. Iqela iincwadi ngalo mba wabonakala ngasekupheleni-imi- 50 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Le misebenzi Ndawaphelisa ekungeneni of theory and zovavanyo ngalo mbandela, eziquka lemibuzo Bass-Darky.

Le ndlela asinguye kuphela abo ezisetyenziswa namhlanje. Namhlanje kukho iingcamango ezininzi ndlongo. Eyona idumileyo - K. Lorenz kunye Freud. Nganye kwezi mbono uye umbono yayo ye-ndlongo, kwakunye nesimo sabo kuyo. Ngenxa kule Bangazifumana na iimpawu ezifanayo kwaye yahlulwe zigaba 4. Sixelele ngokufutshane malunga ngamnye kubo.

Ndlongo - bekhubazekile idiphozithi

Ndlongo libe nokuthathelwa ingqalelo njengedipozithi okanye umyalezo naso. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ikhona kuthi ukususela ekuzalweni luhlobo yokuziphatha, osebenza kwinqanaba nakwa. Amarhamente yemibono ephathelele kolu didi, ndlongo sijongwa amalungelo empahla, izakhi ihlelwa. Kuyinto seyinikiwe kuyo kwaye kulo lonke ebomini. Ndlongo, ngokutsho abalandeli ezi ngcamango, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukutshabalalisa. Eyona, singakwazi ukunciphisa kuphela impembelelo yayo.

Ndlongo singalawuleka

Nezinye ukubona njengendlela ibonakalisa iinkqubo cognitive nangokweemvakalelo. Esi sigqibo sisekelwe kwinkolelo yokuba ngamnye kuthi ukulawula ndlongo ngenxa yamava ezifunyenwe ngezakhono zobomi. Ukuze wenze oku, umele abe nako ukuba uzinikele yingozi, kwakunye unelungelo lokuba ayivandlakanye ezi okanye ezinye izinto ezisongela.

Ndlongo - isidingo

Ndlongo nayo iqondwe njengoko imfuno eyenziwe iimeko zangaphandle nokuvuselelwa. Xa lento uyijonga, oko kuthathwa njenge kokokunyanzelwa, nto leyo waqonda ngqo phantsi kweempembelelo zizinto ezahlukeneyo lwangaphandle. "USatyo theory bundlobongela" sisiseko yale mbono. It yaphakanyiswa ngumntu semvelaphi waseMerika ngengqondo uJohn Dollard. Ngokwalo mbono, unxunguphalo kukhokelela ndlongo, ngokuqinisekileyo ngendlela enye okanye enye, nevuthisayo, ke, kusoloko ngenxa unxunguphalo.

Ndlongo - yokubonisa yamava lwentlalo

Enye indlela ndlongo - ukuwubona njengento njengembonakaliso amava lwentlalo eyiyo. Oko kukuthi, ukuba ingumzekelo yokuziphatha ekuhlaleni ezifunyenwe ngexesha kuphuhliso. abasabela wokulwa kwenzeka abantu emva kokuba wazifumana kwimeko efanayo okanye babukela nje kuye ecaleni. Oku kube ziziphumo zokwanda koovimba nokusetyenziswa kwe amava.

Umonakalo owenziwe ndlongo

Kuthe ngokuhlalutywa iimbono athandwa kakhulu kwi ingcamango "ndlongo", singatsho ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuqonda indlela ebuhlungu siqhutywa ukuziphatha ngokuthi into ichasene imigaqo kunye nezithethe yobukho bomntu eluntwini. Le yokuziphatha ebangela umonakalo into ezingaphiliyo okanye ziyaphila kokuhlaselwa. Oku kusenza umonakalo emzimbeni okanye kubangele ukuba ixhala, ukungakhululeki, ukudakumba, iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo, oko kukuthi, ubuhlungu engqondweni.

Ingcamango sohlaselo nokuvavanya yayo

Ubuvila - imfanelo eyodwa, impahla umntu, nto leyo luphawulwa ebulalayo, ikakhulu kummandla ubudlelwane sentloko into. Icandelo Payload kungenzeka ufuna indoda zadalwa. Emva kokuba iimfuno ngamnye ubuchule ukwenza ezinjengokwaphuka kwaye ukususa imiqobo ukoyisa counteracting le nkqubo.

Abaphandi bagqiba ukuba ndlongondlongo uneempawu quantitative and qualitative. Njengazo naziphi na ezinye izinto, ubungqongqo kuyahluka ukungabikho phantse epheleleyo umda kwinqanaba lophuhliso. Njengoko kuchaziwe isidanga kwayo kumele ukuba wonke umntu. Ukungabikho conformality kukhokelela ndlongondlongo, iimakhishithi, passivity kunye t. D. Kunoko, uphuhliso ngokugqithiseleyo ingachazwa njengomntu kungquzulwano jikelele, leyo ayinakho ikhono nentsebenziswano abazi.

Ubuvila ayikho ngokwako akumenzi umntu ngabom isifundo yingozi. Eneneni, kwelinye icala, ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi uchuku, ukuba ndlongondlongo, akukwazeki ziqinile. Baya kunokubangela ezahlukahlukeneyo yezizathu. Kwelinye icala, isenzo sohlaselo ngokwawo awukwazi ngeendlela engakholekanga kunye ngabom yingozi.

Ubuvila - umsebenzi eyingozi

Ubuvila kwi ezingqondweni yemihla ngemihla - ntonye of amagama afana "umsebenzi eyingozi". Noko ke, ukuziphatha etshabalalisayo lulodwa ukuba ilifa "eyingozi". Oku kwenza lo msebenzi injongo, oko kukuthi, amaxabiso ukuze kuzuzwe oko, yaye lo msebenzi ndawo. Action kusenokubonakala ngathi efanayo, kodwa amacandelo inkuthazo yiyo ejongene ngqo.

iintlobo ezimbini uchuku

Ndlongo enokwahlulwa ukusuka ngentla, ngeentlobo 2 eziphambili. Okokuqala - ndlongo ezikhuthazayo nje ukuzixabisa. Uhlobo lwesibini ndlongo - isixhobo, kubonwa njengendlela. Kuyabonakala ukuba bobabini utshintsho phantsi kolawulo sezingqondweni yethu, kwaye ngaphandle kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, zombini ezi ndidi anxulunyaniswa namava iimvakalelo ezifana nomsindo kunye nentiyo.

Iingcali zengqondo kunye neengcali abanomdla ngqo ngakumbi ndlongo ezikhuthazayo, ozakuthathwa ibonakalisa ukuphunyezwa ebulalayo ezendeleyo ngamnye. Ukuba ukuqinisekisa inqanaba kwezi ntsingiselo, kuba nokwenzeka ukuchaza ngokuchanileyo kakhulu amathuba kumntu evulekileyo ndlongo ezikhuthazayo. Enye ezinjalo iinkqubo zokuxilonga Yiloo ikhweshine Bass-Darky. Ubuchule umdla kuthi, iye yaphuhliswa 1957 olwenziwe ngabenzi bophando yaseMelika, ekuthiwa emva kokuba amagama yokugqibela.

Ukusetyenziswa indlela Bass-Darky

Xa izifundo amazwe, eli uphando kwakuxhaphakile. Baye kuqinisekiswa ukuthembeka yalo phezulu kunye nokunyaniseka. Kwaye umsebenzi wasemakhitshini kusebenza lemibuzo Bass-Darky. Ulwazi Lo wasetyenziswa, ingakumbi, SN Yenikolopov ngo 1989. Noko ke, phezu iisampuli domestic data yayo emgangathweni nje kuluhlu.

Izazinzulu qaphela ukuba indlela Bass-Darky ngenxa zokufumanis ndlongondlongo kuviwo le meko okungakhuselelwanga ukusuka ubugqwetha ethile inkuthazo. Impendulo ixhomekeke, umzekelo, ukufakelwa le ndoda, ukusuka ukunqweneleka lwentlalo. Ukongeza, ukuchaneka kweziphumo kuxhomekeke kwakhona kwi iqondo intembelo ulwalamano kunye novavanyo ngokwasengqondweni, xa usebenzisa ubuchule Dark-BAS ukuze lokufunyaniswa ubuvila. Ngenxa yoko, iziphumo kufuneka zitshekishwe kwi retest ukuthembeka ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwale khweshine kwi ezikolweni kunye nabafundi (ukusuka kwiBakala 6 nangaphezulu) kunye nootitshala kwaba diagnosticity kakhulu neyakhayo kumsebenzi phambili okulungisa. Okwangoku, indlela Bass-Darky isetyenziswa ngokubanzi. Injongo isicelo yayo sithethe ngazo, kuyimfuneko ngoku ukumisela amalungiselelo ezisisiseko.

Umahluko phakathi kwala magama zokuthibana nolaka

A. Bass, rebounding ukusuka kuphuhliso neyezingaphambili, iye yenza ukuba ingqikelelo ubumpi kunye nogonyamelo. Okokuqala ichazwa njengendlela yokusabela leyo iphuhlise uvavanyo engakhiyo iziganeko kunye nabantu, iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo. Iindlela zokufunda bundlobongela BAS-Darky lubonisa umahluko kwezi mpawu ezahlukeneyo nentiyo kunye nogonyamelo. Iintlobo esisabela izazinzulu baye bakwazi ngaxeshanye, ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

iintlobo neempendulo

1. ndlongo Physical, oko kukuthi, kusetyenziswe omnye umntu amandla emzimbeni.

2. yafakwa ngqo yenzelwa omnye umntu okanye hayi ngqo kwi nabani.

3. Ukurhawuzela, okt ukuzimisela ukuba sichulumancile kwi iimvakalelo encinane ezingakhiyo. Kananjalo inokuchazwa ukuba krwada, nephuku elifutshane.

4. negativism emele indlela yokuziphatha iphikisanayo. Kunokuzibonakalisa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka lokungathobeli ungasebenzisi zigalo ukulwa nemithetho kunye namasiko.

5. Ukuba Nenzondo, oko kukuthi, ngumona okanye intiyo kwabanye ngezenzo ezithile, ecingelwayo okanye yokwenene.

6. engathembi, leyo ziyahluka kuluhlu unonophelo kungathenjwa ncam abantu bekholelwa ukuba isicelo okanye isicwangciso okubi.

7. Enye ndlela yokusabela - lokulwa ngamazwi. Kuyinto yokubonisa iimvakalelo ezingakhiyo zombini ngenxa iimpendulo zomlomo (izisongelo, iziqalekiso), yaye le fom (squeal, bakhale).

8. wecala imele inkolelo yabantu kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho ihlwempu ngokungachanekanga ifunyenwe. Oku kuquka ukuzisola wavakalelwa ngabo.

Ukugcwalisa inkcazelo indlela Bass-Dark, qaphela ukuba lemibuzo iqulathe 75 amabango. Kufuneka kuxhomekeka nokuphendula ngokucacileyo nokuba "ewe" okanye "hayi." Ngokwesiseko esi sidanga ezihloliweyo of ubuvila kwabantu. Siphendu- ngoku indlela nokucaciswa kweziphumo.

nokutolikwa iziphumo

iindlela Iqhubekekisa Bass-Darky ubunzima elingekude kakhulu. Imibuzo eziqulunqwayo ukwenzela ukuba lunye kuphela uhlobo ndlongo. Ukongeza, iziphumo njengobuchule BAS-Darky lula ukutolika esinye isizathu ukuba ifuthe imvume loluntu impendulo obubona buthathaka.

Ummiselo ubuvila, njengako Rogovu E. I., - ixabiso kwisalathisi wayo, nto leyo ilingana no 21 ± 4. Njengoko ubutshaba, kufuneka ibe kuluhlu 6,5-7 ± 3. Ukuqhuba kancinane ezinobunzima Hvana A. A., kodwa akukho ndlela inzima kakhulu ukufunda ndlongo afana neendlela ze-BAS-Darky. Ukutolikwa iziphumo Hvanu A. A. elandelayo. amanqaku ekrwada, amanqaku ngokomlinganiselo ngamnye, ukuze yande yi ngumlingani. injongo yakhe - ukuba azise amanqaku ezilikhulu bexabiso ukuba isikali nganye, nto leyo inika indlela Bass-Darky ngenxa ukuxilonga ubuvila.

Ukutolikwa, kunjalo, akucaci ngokupheleleyo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, kufuneka baqonde ukuba ugonyamelo, nto leyo impahla ngamnye, ngokunjalo ndlongo, kuqondwa njengesenzo yokuziphatha zihlalutywe kuphela kuhlalutyo zengqondo zonke imfuneko-ekhuthazayo komda wemisebenzi umntu. Kungenjalo, iziphumo aluchanekanga. Ngoko ke, le ndlela (Bass-lemibuzo le Dark) sisetyenziswa kunye nabanye, ezifana iindlela projective (umz, neChantenay) nobuntu livavanya izifo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo (Spielberg, Cattell).