Levin Kurt: engobomi, iifoto, impumelelo, imifuniselo. theory entsimini Kurt Lewin ngokufutshane

Kurt Lewin - kwengqondo, ibali lobomi kunye neempumelelo okufanele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. lo mntu lowo wabeka umphefumlo wakhe into ukuze ihlabathi libe ngobubele encinane, ukulawula yonxulumano ezivela kumaqela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Waye sezifundo lokwenyaniso.

Kurt Lewin: biography

wengqondo elizayo wazalwa ngoSeptemba 2, 1890 e Mogilno, apho ibekwe phezu kummandla kwiphondo Prussia of Posen (ngoku kwintsimi of Poland). Ekuzalweni, inkwenkwe egama shala. Kodwa lo gama Prussia akazange izinto ziya kuhamba kakuhle. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, le nkwenkwe wanikwa igama yesibini - Kurt.

Lo mfana kwakunzima ithemba lekamva happy kwiphondo ekude. Noko ke, ngo-1905 washiya intsapho yakhe isixeko lokuzalwa kwakhe wafudukela Berlin. Kurt wangena Medical Faculty of the University of Freiburg, baya izifundo eziphilayo kwiYunivesithi eMunich.

kwimisebenzi yezobunzululwazi

Ngenxa kokuqhambuka kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, Lewin bakhonza kumkhosi waseJamani. Apho ke wenza zophando lwakhe lokuqala. Izazinzulu elizayo baye bafumanisa ukuba imbono yomntu zehlabathi uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ukuba eli qela kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye kuyo enxulumene. Ngoko ke, lo umphandi ngomzekelo ukwazi ukuba amajoni zithathwa emdaka emhadini yokuhlala efanelekileyo, kunye nengca nokuba achumileyo - ummandla ukufa. Ngaloo ndlela, Levin wakwazi ukungqina ukuba kwimbono amajoni behlabathi yahlukile yokucinga yabantu loxolo. Ngaphezu koko, utshintsho ezingqondweni kwenzeka onke amalungu oluntu.

Ifunyenwe ngexesha ekumkhonzeni owenzakeleyo Levin Kurt yaye exhaphaza, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba uqhubeke ukusebenza ithisisi yakhe kwiYunivesithi Berlin.

Levin ekuqaleni kuliyekela bengqondo yokuziphatha. Kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezinye uphando batshintsha ulwalathiso yawo ekuyeni kwingcingane zeGestalt. Oku kwanika ithuba lokuba ukusebenza kunye nabameli ezinjalo esi sikolo, njengoko maks Vertgeymer kunye Wolfgang Kohler.

Ngowe-1933, Levin uKurt wathumela eNgilani, apho kungekudala wafudukela eUnited States. Ngelo lixa kwabakho intlanganiso kunye Isazinzulu Eric Trist, ngubani wachukunyiswa uphando Kurt ngexesha inkonzo kwakhe empini.

Ngaphambi koku, Levin iinyanga ezintandathu wakhonza unjingalwazi eStanford, emva koko waya kwiDyunivesithi Cornell. Kungekudala UCurt wamiselwa umlawuli we-Centre for Group Dynamics kwi Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

1946 waqala Levina obulalayo. Wacelwa ukuba ukufumana indlela ukuba bamanyana zonqulo ngokobuhlanga. Kurt wathabatha experiment, nto leyo kamva waziwa ngokuba "therapy qela." mpumelelo Loo njengento ebalulekileyo isiseko weSizwe Training Laboratory.

Ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uKurt wafunda kwimo nangokwasengqondweni lamabanjwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso.

Kurt Lewin wafa ngoFebruwari 12, 1947 Massachusetts. Yagqiba sisazinzulu owaziwayo kwilizwe lakhe. ukufa kwakhe kwenzeka ngesantya emva ukuvulwa kweziko ngenxa ngokutsha iinkokeli zehlabathi. Ngelishwa, uKurt zange bafezekise izinto ukuya mzuzu lokuzaliseka yamaphupha abo.

IMVELAPHI ukuvuleka "Theory Field"

Formation of theory entsimini wayenempebelelo impumelelo Sciences ngqo, ezifana zemvelo nemathematika. Ngelo xesha bathabathekile Levin bengqondo, apho wayefuna ukuba enze ngokuchanekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukufunyaniswa ibalulekileyo Levin waqalisa kwixesha kwemfazwe, eksperimenti nasengqondweni. De kube lelo xesha, bekucingelwa kwengqondo akuvumelani ngokupheleleyo kunye nengqiqo, ngenxa yokuba lo isayensi isekelwe phezu kwezi izinto, njengoko umphefumlo, uvakalelo, umlinganiswa. Ngamafutshane, kwakukholelwa kwengqondo ngokusondeleyo edibene nento yokuba ayikwazi kufundwa phantsi ngemicroscope.

theory Field Lewin (short)

Noko ke, Levin waya kwelinye icala, ukwamkela amaqhinga kunye ngekhamera efihliwe. Xa amalinge zabo, izazinzulu wabeka uvavanyo kwigumbi apho kwakukho izinto ezahlukeneyo: a incwadi, intsimbi, ipensile kunye like. Umntu ngamnye eqala ukuvelisa izinto kunye nayiphi nokwenza izinto. Kodwa ukubiza intsimbi - kwaba eqhelekileyo kumntu wonke.

experiments Kurt Lewin lwamenza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umntu ngaphandle kwenjongo iphenjelelwa yimiba yangaphandle. Zonke izifundo ezendeleyo imisebenzi enjalo, leyo becinga ukuba njengoko izinto ngokwabo. Kulo walandela ukuba abantu ezithile ukusuka kwindawo yazo yesiqhelo kulula kakhulu ukuzilawula. Ngapha koko, akukho namnye nxaxheba olu lingelo ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba athathe ipensile okanye neentsimbi. Ngoko ke, izinto nefuthe iimfuno zabantu ukuba wengqondo ukuchazwa njenge uhlobo iintlawulo amandla, ingqondo ombane uvavanyo. Loo karhulumente ekwandiseni ndoda inomlaza, apho ukuhlangabezana neemfuno.

Ngenxa yoko, ithiyori entsimini Kurt Lewin, isishwankathelo yayo thaca ingqalelo yakho kwinqaku yaba utoliko yokuqala yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngenxa yakhe, oko kwabonisa ukuba uthotho lokwenzekayo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ngokwemigaqo ezithile esigangeni ezikhoyo.

iimfundiso ingakumbi Kurt Lewin

ukufunda Psychological of ukuziphatha kwabantu kuncitshiswa kuthotho iimpawu:

1. Indlela yokuziphatha kufuneka zihlolwe-sikhokelo le meko lulonke.
2. Umntu kwimeko ethile imelwe ngokwezibalo.
3. Ukuziphatha zenza isiganeko lokwenene kuphela. Kwenzeka ntoni ngaphambili okanye kuya kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo, watshintsha kancinane kuphela nokwakheka yasendle.
4. Ngendlela efanayo xa uqala, ukuziphatha akusoloko bawaphikise yezizathu ezifanayo.

Iinzululwazi elithi "igama tribal" iye yaziswa. Kurt Lewin, ifoto apho ubona kweli nqaku, kuqwalaselwa ukuba ukuziphatha yomntu ayikwazi ukuba ngenxa yohlobo womntu okanye esikhuliswe ngayo. Noko ke, zombini ezi uhlobo ebaluleke kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuziphatha sisiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi ngamnye kunye meko.

Iindlela zokulawula Main

Levin Kurt, phakathi kwezinye izinto, wafunda ubuchule yolawulo lwesebe kumaqela. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, ukuba zihlelwe, ngokusekelwe style yolawulo. Kukho ezinye iindlela ezisisiseko:

1. Ngegqudu. Umntu uba uxabene ngenxa yokuba inkokeli eyomeleleyo iqembu.
2. style Democratic kukuphuhlisa odibeneyo iqhinga ngenxa kweenkqubo ezihlangeneyo, ethathela ingqalelo izimvo yinkokeli.
3. Non-ukuphazamiseka. Umongo wale isimbo kuxhomekeke yokuba zonke izigqibo ezenziwe ngaphandle inxaxheba yinkokeli. Ibandakanya kulwahlulo yabasebenzi, kuphela xa ucelwe ukuba wenze njalo. Loo inkokeli akufane umntu encoma.

Imisebenzi iziko lophando Kurt Lewin kaThixo

Ngowe-1944, uKurt Lewin wakwazi ukuseka Centre for the Study Group Dynamics kwi Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kwangaxeshanye, phithi imigomo yezinto yokuzinikela. Scientist ubomi bam bonke wayeyinqwenela imvume kwihlabathi loluntu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lonke uluntu kufuneka idemokhrasi, ukuze athambe imikhwa yabo. Nceda ukuseka nobuntu Kurt Lewin wazama ngokuqhuba noqeqesho qela.

Le Isazinzulu uqinisekile ukuba utshintsho kwintlalo kwiqela ukuya kwizigaba ezininzi:

• "Unfreezing";
• "Tshintsha";
• "A owayevunyelwe omtsha."

"Ndikufuna" imeko apho iqela umnakekeli eziphambili zayo ubomi kunye nexabiso ngokwesiqhelo. Kweli xesha, ukhululekile ilahleko. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, oko uphakamisa inkqubo entsha lwamaxabiso kunye nenkuthazo, emva kokusekwa imo apho amaqela kufuneka zibuyele "ngumkhenkce".

Hi ndlela leyi, Levin kukudala uhlobo olutsha lonxibelelwano phakathi kwengqondo kunye umxhasi wakhe. Amaxesha amaninzi unxibelelwano ezinjalo zifana iintetho ugqirha ukuba isigulane. Kurt iye yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo yesu ukwakha unxibelelwano. unxibelelwano yakhe yayifana dialogue phakathi kwabafundi kunye oonjingalwazi.

experiments kwengqondo Kurt Lewin kaThixo

Research Centre, yenziwe yi uKurt Lewin, ngokubonakalayo kwenziwa noqeqesho ukwenzela abasebenzi ngamashishini ahlukahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, iinkonzo ngengqondo nazo Harwood Manufacturing Company kunye isikhalazo ukuba abasebenzi lenkampani ixesha elide ukufunda kwaziswe naliphi ezintsha, nto leyo ekhokelela yokuhla inqanaba lokwenziwa komsebenzi.

Ukusombulula ingxaki Levin Kurt wathabatha abasebenzi ezintathu iqela waza wabanika umsebenzi:

• Iqela lokuqala ukuba isigqibo ukusebenza kakuhle njani kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo ubuchwepheshe obutsha.
• Iqela lesibini kwafuneka ukuba ukhethe abameli eziliqela ukuba kuthunyelwa kwiinkokheli ukuxoxa ezintsha.
• A iqela lesithathu, eliquka abasebenzi kunye nabaphathi kufuneka kuqhuba "iintloko" ekuphuhliseni ubuchwepheshe obutsha.

Ngenxa olu lingelo kwafunyaniswa ukuba iziphumo ezintle ziboniswa iqela lokugqibela. Emva koko, ulawulo nkampani iye ifumene isiphakamiso evela ngengqondo owaziwayo.

abalandeli sesayensi

Kurt Lewin, impumelelo esifunde ngazo, zithandwa kakhulu. Izazinzulu ezivela ehlabathini lonke ukuphuhlisa izimvo zakhe, ukuphuhlisa "inkolelo entsimini". Phakathi abantu baqhubeka umsebenzi ngengqondo obalaseleyo, - umbhali e-worldwork theory of dissonance kwengqondo, Leon Festinger, ngezengqondo lokusingqongileyo umphandi Roger Barker bume, kwakunye wabaseki thiyori nokusombulula iingxabano kunye Morton Doych Blum Zeigarnik.