Izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo ngokukodwa zendalo yendalo. Izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ze-tundra

I-Tundra yintsimi yendalo eyimvelo, ehlala ngasentla kummandla we-taiga kunye nentshonalanga yeentlango ze- arctic. Ingummandla omkhulu kunye nommandla omkhulu we-permafrost, ngenxa yokuba umhlaba ogqithwe ngekhephu awunqabile. Ngenxa yoko, bonke abemi belo ndawo, kuquka izityalo, banyanzeliswa ukuba baphile kwiimeko zezulu zezulu. Ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, ezininzi zazo zifakwe kwiinkalo ezikhuselekileyo zendalo yendalo. Masixelele ngokubanzi iinkcukacha zeziphi ezi zinto.

Isimo sezulu nesimo sezulu kwi-tundra: ebusika

Ekubeni senze ukugcinwa kokuba i-tundra ibonakaliswe yimozulu eshushu kakhulu, siya kuyichaza ngokufutshane ngamazwi amabini. Ngoko, ixesha lebusika kule ntlambo ebandayo kwaye engenazintlu inomntu osisigxina. Ubusika buhlala malunga ne-6-8, kunye neenyanga ezili-9. Kwaye kulo lonke ixesha leendawo zokuhlala zilinde iqhwa, umoya obandayo kunye neempuphu zeqhwa.

Njengawe nawuphi na ummandla we-polar, kukho ubusuku obumnyama kwi-tundra, ebonakala phakathi okanye ekupheleni kukaJanuwari kunye no-1-2 kweenyanga. Xa ixesha elide elilindile le-polar liza, abemi beli ndawo, baquka kwiindawo ezikhuselekile ngokukhethekileyo kwimeko ye-tundra, imilambo yomoya ophezulu wasentla kunye nesithwathwa sekhephu sehla. Iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo ebusika lifikelela kwi-degrees Celsius -30.

I-autumn, Spring kunye nehlobo

I-autumn kwi-tundra iqala ngoSeptemba, intwasahlobo-ngo-Meyi, kunye nehlobo-ngoJulayi. Ixesha elincinci lonyaka kulolu hlobo lwendawo yemozulu luhlobo. Nantsi iqhuma ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingaphephekanga. Iqondo lokushisa eliqhelekileyo lenye yeenyanga ezinyangeni zangoJulayi (ngaphantsi kweAgasti) kwi-tundra ngu-5-10 degrees Celsius.

Ngethuba lexeshana elifutshane lexesha lehlobo, ilizwe kule ndawo echaphazelekayo ayinaso ixesha lokufudumala ukuya ekupheleni. Ngoko, ngelixa ilanga litshisa ubushushu ngokubanzi, umhlaba ulawula ukufudumala kuphela ngo-50 cm. Yonke into ehleli ngaphantsi kweloluhlu, njengemiboniso yokusebenza, ilala phantsi kobunqamle bomhlaba obanzi. Ngesizathu esifanayo, amanzi awele phantsi ngomhlaba ayinako ukungena kwiqondo elingaphezulu kwesigamu semitha. Ngenxa yoko, iindawo ezininzi zamachibi kunye nemilambo zivela kule ndawo yezulu. Ziziphi iimpawu zobume be-tundra, siza kuxubusha ngaphezulu.

I-Flora kwindawo ehamba phambili

Njengoko uqonda, abameleli beeflethi kwihlabathi eliqhenqileyo bahlala phi na kunzima kangakanani. Kodwa, nangona kunjalo, kwi-tundra ungafumana izityalo ezimangalisayo kunye nezihlahla. Ngokomzekelo, kunomdla ukubonakala ngathi ijaguar okanye i-porter lichen. Nalapha ukhule ama berries amnandi njengama-blueberries, ama-cloudberries kunye nama-lingonberries. Kwakhona i-tundra ibonakaliswe inani elikhulu leentlobo ze-mosses kunye ne-lichens, ezikudla ukutya okuthandayo.

Ingqwalasela eyahlukileyo ifanele imithi ye-tundra, phakathi kwayo kukho abafel 'ukholo-i-adapters, njenge-willow kunye ne-birch. Kule meko, zombini iintlobo zemithi zincinci kwaye zibhekisela kwiintlobo ezincinci. Kwizona nkalo, izityalo kwindawo yexesha elidlulileyo i-summer ukukhula okuphantsi kunye nesithsaba esonakele, esivumela ukuba bangabandezelekanga ubusika kwaye bathabathe ukuphefumula kwomoya opholileyo entwasahlobo nasehlobo.

Ihlabathi elisijikelezayo: i-tundra kunye nabemi bayo

Kwi-tundra ungayifumana i- clock emhlophe, ehlobo ephethe intambo emdaka kunye ne-motley, kunye neengubo zasebusika ezimhlophe ezifudumeleyo "ngeengubo zoboya kunye neebhotshi" (yile ndlela i-plumage kunye neentsholongwane ezigubungela ngayo imilenze yentaka ngokupheleleyo). Unyaka wonke i-owls emhlophe ayitshintshi i-white plumage yayo. Siyabulela inani elikhulu leentsiba emzimbeni nasemilenzeni, le ntaka inokuhlala ixesha elide kwindawo enye kwintsimbi eqinile kwaye inomoya oqinileyo.

Izilwanyana ezihlala kwi-tundra

Phakathi kwezilwanyana ze-tundra zikhona izilwanyana ezinobumba kunye neentambo ezimfutshane, umsila kunye neendlebe ezincinci. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ezi zilwanyana aziwa phantsi kwi-hibernation kwaye ziziva zizichukumise ngokwazo ekhephu nasezantsi. Kwakhona ungabona ama-Arctic Fox amahle kunye neakhawulezileyo, iindwangu ezineempondo ezinkulu kunye ezinzima, izimpungushe, iingcuka, iinqweba, iigundane, iigusha zeqhwa nezinye. Abaninzi balaba bemi basongelwa ukupheliswa kwaye ngoko kufakwa kwiindawo ezigcinwe kwi-tundra.

Abanye abemi be-tundra

Ngenxa yenani elikhulu leemvula kunye namachibi, kunye nemvula yamanzi (ngaphantsi konyaka apha iyancipha ukuya kuma-200-300 mm), inambuzane enamaphiko enamanzi aphuza igazi ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwi-tundra. Kwimifuma efanayo, intlanzi enkulu enjenge-omul, i-nelma, i-vendace kunye ne-chir bayabhukuda.

Iingxaki zemvelo ze-tundra

Ukukhuselwa kohlobo lwe-tundra ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwizinto zezilwanyana emhlabeni wonke. Isigqibo esinjalo singenziwa ngokuhlalutya ulwazi malunga nokwakhiwa kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezisetyenziswa kule ndawo enzima, ezenza ukuthuthwa kunye nokukhutshwa kweoli.

Ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sokunyaniseka sokusebenza kunye nokungagcinwa kokukhusela okukhuselekileyo, kuqhuma ukuvuza kwamafutha rhoqo. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukungcola kokusingqongileyo, ukufa kwezityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ukongeza, kwintsimi ye-tundra ihamba ngamaloli okuvelisa, emva koko kukho udoti, ekugqibeleni uyonakalisa isiqulatho semifuno yomhlaba. Ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwemifuno yezilwanyana kunye nezinye izilwanyana kunye neentaka ziyafa.

Ziziphi iindawo ezigcinwe kwi-tundra?

Ndiyabulela umsebenzi odibeneyo wezinto eziphilayo kunye nezinye iingcali, iindawo ezininzi zokugcina iimvelo ziye zadalwa kwaye ziyadalwa. Ngaloo ndlela, kule ndawo ye-permafrost kukho iindawo ezininzi zokugcina ngokukhawuleza, ezivumela ukubuyisela ukulinganiswa kwemvelo kwintsimi kunye nokulondoloza iintlobo ezisengozini zokuhlala kwabantu abemi.

Ngokomzekelo, nakhu izi ndawo ezilondolozo:

• ELapland State Reserve.
• Indawo yaseTaimyrsky.
• I-State Reserve "iWrangel Island".
• Altai Reserve.

Ziziphi ezi zixhobo ezikhuselekile ngokukhethekileyo kwimeko ye-tundra, siya kuchaza ngezantsi.

Ulwazi olubanzi malunga neRepland State Reserve

I-Lapland State Reserve yenye yezona ndawo zendalo ezinkulu kwiYurophu. Unamaphepha amaninzi entombi, apho izilwanyana neentaka zihamba ngokukhululeka. Itholakala kwidolophana encinane kwingingqi yaseMurmansk kwaye inendawo engama-hektare ezingama-278 435. Kukho iintlobo zeentaka ezingama-198, malunga neentlobo zezilwanyana ezingama-31 kunye neentlobo ezingama-370 zezityalo.

Ulwazi olubanzi malunga nokugcinwa kweTaimyr

I- Taymyr Reserve, eyasungulwa ngoFebhuwari 1979, ifakwe kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo ngokukhethekileyo kwimeko ye-tundra. Itholakala kwi-Krasnoyarsk Territory kufuphi neTaimyr Peninsula. Apha kukho izilwanyana eziyi-222 ze-moss kunye neentyantyambo ezingama-265, iindidi eziyi-116, iintlobo ezili-15 zeentlanzi kunye neentlobo zezilwanyana ezingama-21.

Ulwazi olubanzi malunga ne-State Reserve "iWrangel Island"

"Isiqithi saseWrangel" sinendawo enkulu kunye nenhle kunye neendawo ezingama-2,225,650 iihektare, kuquka indawo yamanzi kunye nommandla wokukhusela. Zininzi iintaba kunye neenduli, zihlala malunga ne-2/3 yommandla wonke. Ngaphantsi kokukhuselwa kwendawo yokugcina indawo kukho iintlobo ezingama-641 zezityalo, iintlobo ezili-169 zeentaka kunye nezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana. Ngoko, bhetele zivale iimpungushe kunye neengcuka, iibhere, iimermini, iingcuka, iindimbi kunye neenkomo ze-musk.

Ulwazi olubanzi malunga ne-Altai Reserve

Olunye uhlobo lokulondolozwa kwemvelo luyi- Altai Reserve, ekhoyo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zaseSiberia. Ilula kwi-2 000 000 ha, apho zonke iintlobo zee-1500 zezityalo zikhula kakuhle, ezininzi zazo zifakwe kwiBlack Book. Apha uhlala malunga neentlobo zee-70 zezilwanyana, phakathi kwazo ezingama-29 zingezityalo zengozi.