Izixhobo kakhulu ukuphefumla kwamanzi. Aqualung ukuphefumla kwamanzi

Ufundo enzulwini yolwandle, nolwazi nezidalwa eziphilayo emangalisayo eziphila emhlabeni Ocean - konke oku de muva yomkhondo uluntu. Kodwa ekubeni le izixhobo fyabo for sasiqubha kunye bathyscaphes nobunzulu ingafikeleleki baba ekhoyo.

indaba

Abantu nomdla kulo ihlabathi kwamanzi ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. E eMesopotamiya, Greece kunye namanye amazwe yonxweme iefa zazisetyenziselwa ngokuzingela imfazwe. Kungekho namnye yokwenza umgquba efanele intetho wayengekho, ngaba abantu ukubamba njani umoya wabo ukuze ahlale phantsi kwamanzi elide. Oku kwaqhubeka kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, kude kube ngo-1747 kwakukho mntu phezulu kunye isuti yokuqala afuna ukuhamba abeza. Qubha ebengenako, wawumkhulu kakhulu yaye enzima. Loo izixhobo wokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi kokusungulwa Klingertom A., imvelaphi waseJamani. Kwakugcwele kukho isiciko intsimbi entloko, olu sapho lwaluquka ngemibhobho emibini, eyenzelwe inhalation kunye nomphunga. Yi ukwesona ke laphu manzi, ekumgama emagxeni akhe eqhotyoshelweyo. Emva kovavanyo, isixhobo zokuphefumla ehamba iye kungafaneleki. Le ndoda, lowo enxibe isuti, wavakalelwa kakhulu kuxinzelelo esifubeni.

Emva Klingerton ziqwalaselwe kunye lwagqibelela isuti, lixutywe, unyaka emva konyaka. Okokuqala kwakukho ifreyim yesinyithi, leyo inxitywa entloko umzimba kwaye ziqhotyoshelwe iibhulukhwe zerabha. Kamva wongezelela wathi kuso kunye ibhaloni enkulu ezaliswe oksijini egxile kunye Diver. Ukusuka kuyo netyhubhu moya eyenziwe umntu-ntloko isuti.

diving suit

Augustus Siebe wathabatha phezu ikhuni ekuyilweni kwezixhobo diving. Ukuba bafakwa ukusebenzisa igama elithi "sonke". Metal Isigcina kwakunxibelelene isuti manzi, yaye umoya ukudla ityhubhu yi impompo, ibekwe kwi enqanaweni, ukusuka apho behla Diver. Kwaba izihlangu leaden ukuba dip ekhawulezileyo ubunzima extra, leyo wanika umntu uzinzo komile.

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, isuti sele sigqityiwe kwaye ilungiswe, kodwa umba moya ukuba akukho ebotshelelwe ilizwe, wahlala efanelekileyo.

Ngowe-1878, uHenry Flüsse wasungula izixhobo wokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi kunye nenkqubo ioksijini elivaliweyo. Lisebenzisa umlawuli ukuba wadalwa kunye nelungelo ngomnye iminyaka eli-12 ngaphambi kokuba Benoit Rukeyrolem. Flüsse le qambo Kuchaza kwaye izifaka ukuze zilungele amatanki ezintsha nako ukumelana koxinzelelo oluphezulu.

Ukusungulwa kwe sasiqubha

Ngowe-1943, uEmil Ganyan uJacques Iv Kusto ukwenza icebo ubukeka eziqhelekileyo wonke Diver kunye Diver. Wayila isetyenziselwa unanamhla. Le sasiqubha - izixhobo ukuphefumla kwamanzi.

Isiseko indlela air supply vana ithathwe Cousteau kunye nezixhobo sokuvula amafutha werhasi ibe injini yesithuthi. Emva yotshintsho kunye nophuculo ezifunekayo ukuze uqalise inkqubo yokuvavanya ukuba sele kwinqanaba lokuqala zange ukwanelisa umsunguli. Xa izikhundla ezahlukeneyo omzimba womntu phantsi umoya kwamanzi wondla angalinganiyo, kwezinye iimeko ngokwenene na.

Emva experiments Cousteau kancincane umoya umalusi iziqulathi ukuze ukuphefumla kungenzeka na ubunzulu kunye nakwiindawo ezahlukeneyo amanzi emzimbeni. Oku ukuba ukuntywila ukuba amanzi anzongonzongo kakhulu kwaye ibe phantsi amanzi ixesha elide.

Regulator

Nabalawuli zihlukaniswe ngokungqinelana uhlobo olulodwa anababini-eqongeni. Abavumela ukuba ukunciphisa ucinezelo zezulu, ophuma iisilinda ngalo tube sokuphefumla. Lali-ezimbini komlawuli reducer lihlisa xi ku-6 ATM., Ingaba inyathelo lokuqala. Umatshini lung Okulandelayo uthwala umoya kokusingqongileyo, loo nto yenza kube lula ukuba umoya kwaye ezimbi kwimpilo.

Kuba umsebenzi enzulu ixesha elide kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe nabalawuli yeqonga-mbini.

iintlobo izixhobo

izixhobo ukuphefumla kwamanzi yala maxesha, kwaye zeza kwaye livelise imisebenzi emitsha ezizodwa kunyaka ngamnye. Oku kungenxa yokuba indoda sendela nzulu zesanda lwaselwandle bonke akasafuni ukuba khona.

AVM-15

Le izixhobo wokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi kuba inxenye ababandakanyekayo kulo msebenzi yohlangulo. Inika iingcali umoya likaxakeka kunye neminye imisebenzi. Yenzelwe izixhobo imidiyamu lobushushu eliphantsi kunye nongcoliseko eliphezulu. Oku kusetyenziswa ngexesha imisebenzi wokuchitheka kwe-oyile. Ukuze wenze oku, a eyenzelwe ngokukodwa amacandelo kokufanayo isixhobo diving. Ukuthatyathwa isixhobo ayikho ngaphezulu kwama-22 kg.

AVM-5

Le izixhobo eziphathwayo ukuba wokuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi neendadi abaya phantsi kubunzulu kweemitha 60. Weight AVM 5 xa iinkonkxa zihlala ukuya ku-22 kg. Kusetyenziswa iintlobo eqhelekileyo ukuba bahlole kolwandle, ngokunjalo ezahlukeneyo imisebenzi enzonzobila.

AVM-12

Le apparatus, efana ezimbini ezidlulileyo, ubonelela Diver ukuphefumla phantsi kwamanzi imisebenzi yohlangulo kunye likaxakeka ezahlukeneyo. isixokelelwano sokuphefumla evulekileyo, okt umoya esiya emanzini. In AVM-12 zokwakha ezilula kunye nokugcinwa, unako ukusebenza ngayo kwindawo zingcoliswe, yaye amaqondo aphantsi. izixhobo oloNgezelelweyo.

Diver unique

Stig Severinsen unendlela eyodwa: ekwakukudala waba aziwa ikhono, ngathi ubambe umphefumlo wakho. Ukuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi mhlawumbi kuba yimfuneko ukuba imizuzu 22. Le ngxelo ukubeka loo mfana, zakubon 'ukuba zenziwe ngaphandle emoyeni kwesi sihlandlo sexesha.

uqeqesho Long nolwazi kwicandelo eziphilayo iye yavumela ukuba kunjani na umzimba wakho nokuba ukufumana iziphumo ezo. eyenziwe i Guinness Book of Records impumelelo yakhe.

Ngaphambi nje kokuba Stig Severinsen irekhodi sele ifakwe phantsi kwamanzi ngaphandle umoya imizuzu engama-20 kunye nemizuzwana-10. Kodwa akwanelanga, ngoko wagqiba kwi nhlanganiso elitsha. Ngethuba lale nkqubo Ndisoloko mna wambona umzalwana-gqirha. Kunye nokuhlola kwenzeka ubushushu ichibi, amanzi leyo degrees 30.

bathyscaphe

Ngowe-1930, abayili yaseMelika udale bathysphere - ibhola sentsimbi ophezu ntsontelo yawa inqanawa kubunzulu. Ukuhlala ekusukeleni ukuphuculwa, izazinzulu ziye zenza ukuba ibhola angaya phantsi ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 yeemitha. Kodwa akazange abe ubuphothophotho eziyimfuneko nokuzimela. Ngoko ke, ukusebenza submersibles njengeyabo yaqhubeka.

Bathyscaphe - isixhobo ukuphefumla kwamanzi, olulungiselela abantu 1-2. Loo mini-uthiwe yenzelwe ngu Auguste Piccard, isazinzulu Swiss, ukuhamba phantsi kwamanzi kwaye bahlole iinzulu zolwandle. Bathyscaphe kwakuba endlwaneni ngokohlobo ibhola kunye netanki obunamandla. Ukusebenzisa i-injini yesithuthi ngokukodwa axhotyiswe akwazi ukuhamba phantsi kwamanzi, kunye nobukho moya liyayivumela ukuba uzimele empahleni kumphezulu.

submersibles Ukusebenzisa uyakwazi ukuchaza ukuba kubunzulu ezingekho phantsi iefa eziqhelekileyo, nkqu nezixhobo kakhulu mihla. Ubunzulu ukuntywiliselwa yenqanawa inkwili ezincinane ngaphezu kwama-10, 000 leemitha. Kuba phezu ngwenya sele ucwaningo ukuxinezeleka zinzulu le Umhlaba - Mariana.

diving

Kweli hlabathi namhlanje xa diving ukuya onobunzulu diving sele umdlalo othandwayo. ezininzi abanamava kunandipha ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuze babe zombini kwi olwandle elide kangangoko kunokwenzeka: ubambe ukuphefumla kwakho, ukuphefumla ngaphantsi kwamanzi ngoncedo bezixhobo ezizodwa, isifundo kwehlabathi bolwandle a bathyscaphe.

Kuba sasiqubha kufuneka bangenele sisikolo semfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa, apho bafundiswa ukusingatha umatshini, ukuyifaka kwi zonke izinto eziyimfuneko iparameters ukubala ngokuchanekileyo imithwalo. Ukongeza, kukwazi anzongonzongo kakhulu ukuba kade, njengoko nezinyuko. Oku kungenxa yokuba esezantsi ubhaptizo emanzini, oluphezulu uxinzelelo kwaye umzimba kufuneka abe nexesha bavumelane. Eqhineni ebukhali kumphezulu nako kusenokukhokelela nemiphumo engathandekiyo.