Kwengqondo idumileyo zehlabathi

Umdla kwizifundo zesayensi komphefumlo, oko kukuthi eliguqulelwa ngokuthi igama elithi "psychology", owaphuma kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo uluntu. Kwaye nangoku athe ungacimi, kodwa kunoko, kwaqhambuka ngamandla ukuba kuqale. Kule meko ixesha elide iisayikholojisti abaziwayo ngokuphindaphindiweyo zitshintshile, yaye beengcinga lwezenzululwazi oluncedisanayo malunga ihlabathi engaphakathi woMntu. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi zabhalelwa oluninzi iincwadi, amanqaku kunye neencwadi ngalo mbandela. Kwaye Kambe ke, iisayikholojisti eziziingangamsha, siphonononga bokuqonda kunye ubuqili nenzululwazi umphefumlo, niyenze ubhaqo engakholelekiyo, zibaluleke ebonakalayo enkulu ngemihla namhlanje. amagama afana Freud, Maslow, Vygotsky, Ovcharenko, yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ezi iisayikholojisti famous zibe zimvo okwenyaniso kule ndawo yophando. Kubo, inzululwazi komphefumlo ibe yinxalenye yobomi babo. Ngoobani bona nendlela kubulela inkqubela kwezobunzululwazi baye baba nodumo? Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

uSigmund Freud

Kuba baninzi, ngengqondo idumileyo - lo nto. imfundiso yakhe umbuso yaziwa phantse wonke.

USigmund Freud wazalwa ngo1856 kwidolophu Austria-Hungarian of Freiberg. Le ndoda iye yaba ingcali eyinyaniso kwinkalo yeenkqubo zengqondo. mpumelelo yakhe ephambili usendleleni yokuba waba imfundiso eyaba sisiseko yesikolo psychoanalytic. Kuyinto wengqondo odumileyo, Freud wabeka phambili ingcamango yokuba unobangela nayiphi ngezifo e-nervous system imbaxa iinkqubo abazi kwaye unconscious ukuba nefuthe omnye. Yaba idabi ngokwenene kwinzululwazi.

Abraham Harold Maslow

Udidi "iisayikholojisti Famous", ngokuqinisekileyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ngaphandle Scientist abanetalente. Wazalwa ngo-1908 i-American New York. Abraham Maslow yaqulunqa ngobhalo psychology humanistic. Xa ngodaba yakhe singafumana into efana "pyramid Maslow kaThixo". It enikwa kunye nemizobo ezizodwa, nto leyo imele iimfuno zabantu ezisisiseko. Xa ezoqoqosho, wathi iphiramidi wafumana isicelo kakhulu.

Melani Klyayn

Xa didi "ngengqondo edumileyo umntwana," umntu yakhe ayikho indawo yokugqibela. Melani Klyayn wazalwa ngo-1882 kwikomkhulu Austria. Usoloko ukukhalela Wakhumbula ebuntwaneni bakhe, wazala ulonwabo novuyo. Inzala kwi inzululwazi umphefumlo Melanie wavuka emva kokuba eve le psychoanalysis kabini.

Kamva, Klein ubhala monographs ezixabisekileyo lwenzululwazi imiba psychoanalysis komntwana. Kwaye nangona imfundiso Melanie abalekele kuchasene imfundiso kaFreud uhlalutyo umntwana, yena uyakwazi ukungqina ukuba umdlalo yabantwana elula xa Lunokufumanisa iimfihlelo ezininzi psyche yomntwana.

UViktor Emil Frankl

iisayikholojisti Famous yehlabathi - oko kwakhona sisazinzulu Frankl ifani. Wazalwa ngo-1905 kwikomkhulu Austria. Waba waduma ngenxa yezinto ekhethekileyo entsimini bengqondo, hayi nje kuphela, kodwa bulumko. imizamo Frank ngokuqinileyo iinkolelo isiThathu Viennese School of nonyango lwengqondo. Nguye ke umbhali "Ukufuna yomntu intsingiselo." Ke ukuba lo mbhalo yaba isiseko inguqu indlela ezintsha Unyango, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokuba logotherapy. Yintoni injongo yawo? Yinto elula. Man lonke ixesha sisekho bakhe bezama ukusombulula ingxaki ekufumaneni intsingiselo yobomi.

Adler Alfred

Lo mntu naye ungowommandla izikhanyiso lwezenzululwazi abemkileyo uphawu ngokunzulu bengqondo. Kokuba azalelwe Penzing, Austria ngo-1870. Eyona nto iphawulekayo kukuba Alfred akazange abe ngumlandeli Freud. Yena ngabom, ndayihluthwa lobulungu kuluntu psychoanalytic. Scientific ababesoloko bekunye naye iqela lakhe yamaqabane phantsi kwegama 'Association of Psychology ngamnye. " Ngowe-1912 wapapasha elinye ngodaba "Ngomhla kubunjani luvo."

Kungekudala, esungula indalo le "Journal of Psychology ngamnye." Xa amaNazi bambamba amandla, wayeka umsebenzi wakhe zenzululwazi. Ngowe-1938, Alfred Hospital wavalwa. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kodwa ingcali kuphela entsimini bengqondo, leyo wasivuna ingcamango yokuba icandelo engundoqo kuphuhliso ubuntu - umnqweno ukugcina nokuphuhlisa ukohluka zayo kwaye somntu.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba umfanekiso ubomi bomntu kunefuthe elingqalileyo umgangatho amava ukuba uthe wazuza ihlabathi ebudaleni bakhe. Oku ke zingqamene ngamandla kunye nemvo collectivism, omnye iimvakalelo ezintathu kokuzalwa zingqondweni ngaphakathi isakhiwo "I". Indlela yoyilo yokuphila esekelwe nemvo ekuhlaleni, kodwa kuxhomekeke kuphuhliso kusoloko kwaye inokuba usaqala. Kwimeko yokugqibela, kusenokubakho ukungavisisani kunye ungquzulwano. Izazinzulu ukugxininisa ukuba umntu unako ukufumana ulwimi nabanye, babe bangonwabi akuthethi asongele, yaye kunqabile onobuganga zasendle kunye nezenzo angawokubhuda.

Bluma Zeigarnik

Oku kwakhona sisazinzulu kwihlabathi-edumileyo. wengqondo odumileyo female Bluma Zeigarnik wazalwa ngo-1900 kwidolophu Lithuanian kuxoxwa. Wafunda ngokusebenza kwengqondo iingcali odumileyo ezinjengezo UKarl Levin, E. Spranger, K. Goldstein. Zeigarnik kwabelwane imibono yesayensi kuchazwe zeGestalt bengqondo. Abachasi lo mbono ngokuphindaphindiweyo bazama ukumnqanda Bluma atyelele iiklasi Levin, kodwa nkolelo. Umfazi odumileyo ukuba ekwahluleni ipateni ekhethekileyo, oko kamva yaziwa ngokuba "isiphumo Zeigarnik".

intsingiselo yayo elula. A kwengqondo female umise amava elula. Uye eqokelele inani elithile labantu, wabuza kubo ukuba kangangexesha elithile ukusombulula ingxaki ethile. Yemifuniselo Bluma weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba izenzo umntu gqitywanga ukhumbula ngcono kakhulu malunga yaphela.

Hakob Pogosovich Nazaretyan

Ukugqwesa yale nzulu kwicandelo kwingcingane yokuziphatha nobunzima endle yokufundwa yenkcubeko zibalulekile. Hakob Nazaretyan - ngozalelwe kuloo mzi Baku. Uzalwa Scientist ngo-1948. Ebudeni beminyaka yenkonzo kwinzululwazi, wabhala inani elikhulu monographs, eyayiphanda iingxaki kwethiyori yophuhliso yoluntu.

Ukongeza, Hakob Pogosovich waba yimbangi lusekeleke khona kusekubeni ehlabathini kukho lolwazi elinikelayo ukulungelelana, leyo kulwalamano olusondeleyo inkqubela zobugcisa nenkcubeko.

Lev Semenovich Vygotsky

Lakhe kufanele ngokuba onjengokaMozart sengqondo, nangona ubulungisa kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ekuqaleni wafunda amacandelo ahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo ulwazi. Wangena Faculty Medical, ize ke idluliselwe uMthetho. Waze wabonisa umdla ingaqhelekanga kwiincwadi. Ushiye sisazinzulu kunye umzila enkulu kwizifundo zesayensi komphefumlo. Lev Vygotsky wazalwa ngo-1896 kwidolophu Belarusian ka Orsha. Le inzululwazi ngokukhuselekileyo makambalele kuluhlu osihloko sithi "Famous iisayikholojisti Russia." Kutheni? Ewe, kuqala kwiinto zonke kuba nguye umbhali e-worldwork theory yenkcubeko-imbali in bengqondo. Ngowe-1924 Vygotsky in ebalulekileyo Reflexology umsebenzi wakhe. Kwiminyaka kamva waba ukufunda ngokunzulu imiba zentetho nabacinga kunye wadala kuphando mxholo. It Lev Semenovich wabonisa ukuba iinkqubo ukucinga sisithi iingcinga apha ziyathungelana ngokusondeleyo kunye nabanye. Ngo-1930, izimvo zakhe ibikade sisazinzulu le ntshutshiso: amagosa Soviet bazama ilibeka kwezithintelo zendalo eceleni.

UMozart psychology washiya imisebenzi ezimbalwa esisiseko, oluninzi iincwadi, mazifakwe kwi-ingqokelela imisebenzi.

Kwiincwadi zakhe, wayifulela iingxaki zengqondo zophuhliso ubuntu, imibuzo ze azinampembelelo onika. Kakade ke, Vygotsky wenza igalelo elikhulu inzululwazi komphefumlo iinkalo ezinxulumene: Ezolimi, intanda, sezifo, pedagogy.

UViktor Ivanovich Ovcharenko

Le umphengululi obubalaseleyo wazalwa ngo-1943 kwidolophu Dimitrovgrad (kummandla Ulyanovsk). ngeenkonzo zakhe emangalisayo omkhulu bengqondo. Ngophando lwakhe inzululwazi komphefumlo lenze inkqubela ebonakalayo kuphuhliso yayo. UViktor Ivanovich wabhala akukho namnye umsebenzi zibaluleke kakhulu. Le Isazinzulu sele kuhlalutywa kwingcingane lwezenhlalo kwaye bafunda ngokunzulu umbuzo kobudlelwane nabanye.

ngodaba wakhe ipapashwe kuphela Russian, kodwa kumajelo amazwe.

Ngo-1996, uluntu lwezenzululwazi Ovcharenko ecetywayo ingcamango zokwazisela maxesha zembali psychoanalysis Russian. Waqalisa imveliso leempapasho, nto leyo eyayibonisa biography of 700 abantu abaziwayo, kuquka bengqondo, iingcali zefilosofi, inkcubeko.