Kwitonela ngundaba-mlonyeni phantsi IsiNgesi Channel

Channel - Strait phakathi kwamazwe amabini aseYurophu - England kunye neFransi. Ngowe-1994, kwitonela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel iye yavulwa - ulwakhiwo omkhulu zobunjineli. Ubude ogcweleyo ngumgama oziikhilomitha ezingaphezu kwe amahlanu, iikhilomitha mathathu anesibhozo of wabeka phantsi kwamanzi. Ukudalwa esi sakhiwo eyahlukileyo unembali ende. Ngowe-1802, i-wezakhiwo French Alber Mate liqulunqe iprojekthi yokwakha ibhulorho, yaye kamva ngonyaka isicwangciso efanayo wabonakala eNgilani.

Xa ubulungisa, ndimele bathi ngaloo mihla bekungekho umbuzo malunga kufunekayo kwitonela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel, kwaxutyushwa neyokwakhiwa kwebhulorho phezu lexinene. Yayiza kuba isakhiwo enkulu eliquka kwiindibanisela, ubude weekhilomitha ezintlanu, lanqunyanyiswa ngeentsontelo eziphakamileyo-amandla. Basuka bayibukula ingcamango, iingcali navuso yi isikali yokwakha. De kube lelo xesha, iibhulorho le ubukhulu ayikenziwa kwakhiwa.

De kwaba yinkulungwane ye-omabini, iinjineli kunye izazinzulu lwala mazwe mabini aye yaphuhlisa iiprojekthi kunye nezicwangciso. Nzulu ndicinga ukuba kwakhiwe indlela kwitonela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel ngo-1955. Asiyiyo yodwa ecinga, kodwa waqala ukwakhiwa kwemingxuma embiweyo, kodwa amandla ubunzima kuye kwanyanzeleka abaninzi ukulondoloza ukwakhiwa kwiminyaka elishumi elinanye, xa oorhulumente ezimbini wabhengeza injongo yabo ukuze baqhubeke nomsebenzi. Nangona kunjalo, eli isivumelwano yayicacisa ukuba ukwakha itonela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel neenkampani zabucala kuphela ungenza omabini ngenxa ngeendlela zabo.

iiprojekthi ezininzi ofanele ezisithoba ezikhethiweyo kwaye kwenziwa kulo nyaka ezingxoxweni. Emva konyaka, uyilo olugqwesileyo wakhethwa. Ekuqaleni bekucingelwa etoneleni ukuba babeke imigca emibini kaloliwe, yaye ecaleni kwabo uhola, kodwa ingcamango ukwakha itonela indlela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel kwafuneka ukuba uyekwe.

Iimpikiswano baba bunamandla kakhulu: isithuthi ingozi kwi tonela kusenokwenzeka ngaphezu konakele uloliwe, kodwa iziphumo zakhe zinakho bungabi nirhwebe kulo. Ukongeza, ubunzima imoto kumacala omabini kwetonela kuya kukhokelela kwisiqulatho igesi, kodwa ukuze ayibulale iza kufuna ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo umoya onamandla.

Ngenxa yokuba sonke siyazi ukuba uhambo ukuya kwitonela kumqhubi odiniweyo, kwagqitywa ekubeni ingqalelo kule projekthi, abhalwe 1960, yaye agqitywa kwi 70s. waqala umsebenzi, kuqala eNgilani, yaye kwiinyanga ezintathu kamva e-France. umatshini Huge ezizodwa usebenza ngesantya ngekhilomitha enye ngenyanga nganye. Umsebenzi lwaqhutywa kubunzulu buziimitha ezingamashumi amane anesihlanu ka

Ukugqitywa kwetonela kaloliwe phantsi IsiNgesi Channel kwenzeka ngo-Juni 1991. Kodwa akuphelelanga le ukwakhiwa. Kwaba yimfuneko ukwemba phezulu ishishini okanye etoneleni zokusebenza, kunye neentsimbi ezimbini eNkosini. Ngenxa yoko ukhuphiswano, leyo kuyo mveliso ngaphezu kwama 2,000 lafumana umyalelo iinkampani zokwakha Russian.

Ngokusesikweni, kwitonela phantsi IsiNgesi Channel iye yavulwa ngo-1994. Lo mcimbi wegala waya koroleva Elizaveta kunye noMongameli Mitterrand of France. Phantsi Channel i Tunnel yakhiwa 3 - 2 kaloliwe apho oololiwe ukubaleka kumacala omabini. Eyesithathu - inkonzo yena wenza imisebenzi zokusebenza.