Le ncwadi kuyabiza kakhulu ehlabathini

Le ncwadi - incwadi equlethe kweemakhishithi ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo ngeendlela ezininzi, enoba loo nto eshicilelweyo okubhaliweyo okanye ngqangi, ulwazi oluthile uyasetyenziswa.

Le ncwadi ibe yinto yokuqokelela

Le ncwadi ibizwa iimveliso zokupapasha, ezibandakanya amaphepha ngaphezulu kwe 48 kwaye idla iqweqwe nzima.

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ngayo le ncwadi inokuba nomahluko ukusuka kwimboniselo umgangatho, ingakumbi ngenxa yokufika kwenkqubo e-books, iintsomi, kunye nefom non-esemgangathweni (umzekelo, amakhadi okanye nezimo enkulu).

Ngoku ukuthenga incwadi ethile ayikho nzima. iimveliso abaninzi, iyafumaneka kuwo wonke. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iincwadi ukufumana ukuba nzima kakhulu.

Kukho iincwadi ezinqabileyo kakhulu (mhlawumbi ikopi enye) abasusela amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuba iincwadi ezo ngokukodwa wanqwenela zobuciko ehlabathini lonke. Abayi nanceba imali yaye bazimisele ukuhlawula izigidi ukuncedisana ukuqokelelwa kwazo umzekelo ezinqabileyo.

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Yintoni na le ncwadi kuyabiza kakhulu ehlabathini? Apha ngezantsi kweshumi enjalo.

1. "Le ncwadi Urizena yokuqala" Uilyam Bleyk. Ezipapashwe 1794, yenye iincwadi ezinkulu lesiprofeto yombhali. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, le mveliso wathengiswa eNew York efandesini ukuze umqokeleli yabucala-2 kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi zeerandi.
2. "Ezimnandi zika Beedle i-Bard," uYohane. K. Rowling. Kwanangaphambi kokuba umbhali '' Harry Potter '' yathandwa lonke ihlabathi, kunye neencwadi zayo baqalisa uthengise kakuhle kwizigidi, ke oku esandleni iikopi ezisixhenxe amabali zaye zabhalwa. Ezintandathu kubo izipho abahlobo, kunye wesixhenxe yayithengiswa ngo-2007. Kuqikelelwa kwi kwizigidi 3,98 zeerandi.
3. "Geography", Klavdiy Ptolemey. Lo sabheka eprintiweyo, yomhla we kunyaka 1477, phakathi ihlabathi ayaziwa. Noko ke, kwakhona umsebenzi wokuqala ezinemifanekiso. Atlas wathengiswa kwifandesi eLondon for $ 4 million.
4. "Imbali phezu imithi yeziqhamo," Anri De Monceau, uPierre Poato uPierre Tervin. A ikopi yokuqala yePhetshana umqulu ezintlanu-yathengiswa ngo-2006 ukulungiselela-4 kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi zeerandi.
5. "Gutenberg Bible ''. Ngokutsho kwe data, ehlabathini kukho iikopi ezingama-48 zomsebenzi. Omnye wabo kuthengiswa 1987 phantse $ 5 million.
6. "KaShakespeare Lokuqala Iphepha lawo." Okwangoku, eli hlelo yenye yeencwadi zexabiso kwaye bafuna-emveni ukuba nabani na othanda kudala. Ngowe-2001, i-co-ngunozala "Microsoft" UPawulos Allen uthenge le ncwadi for $ 6.1 million.
7. "Amabali Canterbury", Dzheffri Choser. Uhlelo lokuqala lo msebenzi isusela emva kwinkulungwane XV waza wathengiswa $ 7.5 million ngo kwifandesi.
8. "Birds of America", Yakobi Oddubon. Uhlelo lokuqala zicalulwa njenge "le ncwadi oluziindleko" ngesizathu. Ngo-2010 ithengiswe yaye, ke ngoko, wayithenga 11 kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi zeerandi.
9. "Incwadi yeVangeli Genriha Lva", i-Order of St. Benedict. Ngaba wobugcisa phakathi ngqangi ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-12. Le ncwadi wadalwa ngokomyalelo Saxon itshawe - Genriha Lva, iquka iphepha 266 kwaye iqulethe imizekeliso-50. Ngo-1983, urhulumente yaseJamani wayithenga kwi efandesini for million 11.7 zeerandi.
10. Kwaye apha siza kumbuzo ubhalo yintoni le ncwadi kuyabiza kakhulu ehlabathini. Kwaye le "iKhowudi of Leicester" yi uLeonardo da Vinci. Ngowe-1994, i "iKhowudi" yathi yathengwa Bill Gates for million liyana 30,7. Isilinganiso mihla malunga nezigidi 49.

Ke ukuba ucinga ukuba iincwadi angaphandle kuphela kuqikelelwa kwi ezigidi zeedollar, uzikhohlisa nje ngokwakhe lowo. Nalu uluhlu equlethe imisebenzi yasekhaya eqolo.

Uninzi iincwadi yasekhaya ezinqabileyo

Ngoko ke top 5 "Uninzi Iincwadi Ibiza of Russia".

1. "Russian Folk Umfanekiso", nguDmitry Rovinskiy. Uhlelo yapapashwa ngo-1881. Kwaye ngo-2013, oko kuthengiswa kwifandesi for million 11 engange. Xa zizonke, kwakukho neekopi kuqikelelwa 250. Inani nemiqulu - iiyunithi ezili-11.
2. "Eugene Onegin," A. S. Pushkin, uhlelo 1829-1832 ngonyaka. Le noveli odumileyo wadala ngumbhali iminyaka esixhenxe. isahluko ngasinye iprintwe njengoko kubhaliweyo. Le convolutes eziqokelelweyo zonke izahluko zomsebenzi. Ixabiso incwadi million 8.6 engange nganye.
3. "Ezindala ze uRhulumente Russian, ekhutshwe umyalelo waseburhulumenteni," Fyodor Solntsev. Umbhali - oyingcali ubuchule Archaeology, umsebenzi wakhe lwezenzululwazi ngokuchanileyo wachaza ezikhumbuzo yezembali yoBukhosi Russian. Ezipapashwe 1849, ixabiso apho ngo-2013 wathengisa ngayo, yaba 7 million engange.
4. "Yena baxabana uBukhosi Russian." Uluhlu zezindlu amanene Russian kwakhona kangangeminyaka engama-37, ukususela 1803 ukuya 1840. 10 miqulu ziquka 1262 imifanekiso. Le ncwadi inkupho enqabileyo kuqikelelwa kwi-6 million.
5. UMikhail Chulkov, "Inkcazelo Historical of Russian commerce anokubakho nemida ...". Inkcazelo wongezelela iphepha ezininzi eziqulathe ulwazi kuphuhliso amakhonkco eRashiya urhwebo, ushishino kunye nezothutho ukususela kuPetros I. Unyaka: 1781-1788. Ixabiso imveliso yezigidi 5.9 engange.

Ezi ncwadi kakhulu ezinqabileyo yaye kubize. Kodwa oku uluhlu olupheleleyo iincwadi ezinqabileyo. Mhlawumbi bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa iincwadi antique kakhulu eninzi nga ezihanjiswayo amawaka aliqela okanye izigidi zabantu iikopi, Kakade ke, kule imeko nexabiso esithile uhlelo lokuqala, ixabiso owawufikelela ezininzi million.

Eyona eziphambili Iikhrayitheriya zokuvavanya kwiincwadi

Iincwadi ezinqabileyo eninzi mazikhethwe kwezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo.

1. Iincwadi Ivana Fedorova kunye nabafundi bakhe. Iincwadi uvulindlela ehlabathini kukho abaninzi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba imeko buhlungu ixabiso eminye imisebenzi lingaphumi ngasentla amawaka 300 engange.
2. Iincwadi, kwakudala, epapashwe kwi-18-19 kwiinkulungwane th, imifanekiso awusebenzeleyo wabhala artists dumeke.
3. Hayi de kube sekupheleni ncwadi kutshatyalaliswa. Ababhali - aba ngabantu creative, njalo zibhityile ngebala. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka iirivyu embi nabagxeki, bathenga phantse uhlelo lonke yaye imisebenzi yakhe. "Amaxhoba" Emva koko iincwadi kukugeza ukuba uhlelo sokuqokelela oluxabisekileyo ngayo.
4. Iincwadi zokuqala izikhanyiso boncwadi elizayo. ixabiso ekhethekileyo ababhali iidrafti. Kakade ke, xa wesandla kufuneka ubuchule ezinjalo.
5. editions ukuphila ababhali ezinkulu, ingakumbi nemityikityo zabo.

Le ncwadi kuyabiza kakhulu, njengoko umthetho, nabo kakhulu ezinqabileyo.

Le ncwadi kuyabiza

Wonke umntu ofundileyo weva uLeonardo da Vinci, kunye kancinane, kodwa eziqhelekileyo kunye nomsebenzi wakhe nezi. Phantse yonke into liqalise yingqondi, waba mkhulu, yaye ezinye izinto zakhe kunye nezimvo ngaphambi kwexesha labo.

"ELeicester Code" okanye "imbali phezu kwamanzi, umhlaba kunye imizimba yasezulwini", yenye yezona ncwadi exabisekileyo buchopho Italian. Imbali sifana yokubhala kunye amanqaku malunga ihlabathi ukuba sisazinzulu wabhala, ukuba eMilan ngo-1506 nge-1510

Iirekhodi ziqulathe imifanekiso ngumbhali. Apha, umakhi iye ekwabelwana iziphumo imigqaliselo bakhe kunye amalinge, leyo ayichitha ebomini.

Ngowe-1717 imbali obafunyanwa endlwini IsiNgesi odumileyo, emva ngaye kwathiwa igama.

Bayahlelwa ncwadi ngoku

Le ncwadi ezifunyenwe efandesini nosisityebi ngexesha ihlabathi - Bill Gates - emva ngo 1994 phantse $ 31 million.

Okwangoku, le ncwadi kuyabiza kakhulu ehlabathini. Photo ngaye ngokufuthi azihombise iincwadana inkulu kunye iimyuziyam idumileyo ehlabathini, apho umnini-mbhalo unika mboniso kunyaka ngamnye.

Iincwadi USSR

Kwindawo eyayisakuba yiSoviet Union, iincwadi ezinqabileyo nazo kuthakazelelwa kakhulu kunene. Indlela yokukhetha yazo umlinganiselo inani leekopi kunye nemfuno kwemarike, ndibopha yaye, ke, ukhuseleko.

Eyona kakhulu iincwadi eSoviet Union

Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba incwadi eqolo USSR.

iimpapasho lokudla noTrotsky, Zinoviev, Bukharin, kwakunye neencwadi kuboniswa ixesha nenani-1920-50. Ezi ziquka uhlelo lokuqala fiction kwinzululwazi Soviet, iincwadi malunga imfazwe.

Iincwadi epapashwe de 1990 kunye nemityikityo lwababhali kunye ejikeleza amancinci.