Le octane Inani zepetroli

Olingene - ulwelo olunokutsha ukuba akukho umbala, okanye unomona kancinane bulubhelu (ukuba akukho ongeziweyo ezizodwa). Ukuze kuphuculwe iimpawu zokusebenza amafutha imoto asetyenziswe iinjini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi, abavelisi bazama ukwandisa inani octane zepetroli. Ukuze wenze oku, ukongeza amacandelo efanayo kulo. Ukuba ukutsha isandi mpawu oluvakalayo ngentsimbi eveliswe yi yomtshangatshangiso detonation evela vangama ezininzi udonga lwaso isilinda, ukwanela ngeemoto lifinyele, kaloku ke, oko kwandiswa, banxibe.

Kulo mzekelo ukuba amafutha mgangathweni sithi, njengoko inani octane lisephantsi. uzinzo fuel Detonation injini, ngamanye ukukwazi ukuxhathisa self-ngokwayo ngenxa ucinezelo kwi iisilinda kunye yokusebenza injini luphawu lo mzobo. Anda ngayo iqhezu umthamo isooctane (elinye igama: 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) kwindawo umxube-candelo amabini aqulethe kwakhona n-heptane. Loo umxube malunga antiknock layo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo uvavanyo ivelise isiphumo elingana amafutha uphando.

Isooctane - branched chain ifumile hydrocarbon C8H18. Kuyinto ngenxa yayo, kunzima ukuba oxidize nokuba phezulu ratio ucinezelo, ngoko ukuba selikho, yamkeleka ngokuqhelekileyo ukumelana kunkqonkqozwa kweeyunithi 100. N-heptane motor uziphethe ngokwahlukileyo: nokuba ngokulinganayo ucinezelo elisezantsi sikhatshwa yinkqubo legalelo yokutsha detonation, nangona kunjalo, eli zinga sithathwa 0 kweeyunithi yona. Kwezo meko apho inani octane amafutha ngaphezu kwe-100, ukwenzela uvavanyo isikali wayo umgangatho isicelo imixube enemiqathango yawo, apho icandelo eziphambili - isooctane - tetraethyl added iidosi ezahlukeneyo.

Ngoko ke, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba eli nani ifitsha kakhulu zepetroli motor. Ibonisa indlela ipetroli eninzi iyamelana detonation, oko kukuthi a random umlilo iziqulathi injini. fuel ukwanda okuba injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi iza kuba kuchukumiseka ukuba eli zinga liphezulu. Ukuba inani octane zepetroli olungqamana iiyunithi 95, oko detonates umxube equlathe 95% 2,2,4 trimethylpentane-5% heptane eqhelekileyo. Emva unyango lokuqala ukuba imveliso oyile ekuthiwa avuthayo, eli xabiso uphawu kunqabile idlula iiyunithi 70. Ngoko ke, ukuphucula umgangatho zepetroli libya kwibakala kusetyenziswa udityaniso nje (ukuxubana iimveliso eliphezulu-octane), kodwa kwakhona antidetonators yaphathwa isixa ukuya kwi-0.3%.

umgangatho kwamafutha kuxhomekeke kakhulu ukwakhiwa kwezimbiwa, ukusuka apho efunyanwa fractionation okanye ulwelo, - oyile. Kubalulekile ukuba izinto ezifana viscosity, ukwakhiwa iqhezu, ubukho iikhompawundi sulphur kunye paraffins, kwaye umxholo ngamanzi kunye neetyuwa lichithakale kulo. Noko ke, ezi zinto mhlawumbi iphembelela iimpawu processing kunye Ukhetho lobugcisa. Umgangatho ipetroli, ngamanye amazwi alo ixabiso inombolo octane, kugqiba ezizizembiwa ukwakhiwa ioli; kwandule ke indlela ukuze kungonakali yayo, nayo leyo ixhomekeke kwindlela ipetroli yimalini isooctane, n-heptane, iikhompawundi enuka kamnandi, kwaye njalo njalo.

Ukuphucula iimpawu antiknock zepetroli ekuwo aromatics. Umxholo eliphezulu benzene, ubukhulu becala ichaphazela imo engqongileyo njengomthombo benzopyrene (a carcinogen). imigangatho ephakamileyo aromatics eliphezulu nokubilisa ikhuthaza umle uluhlu egumbini yokutsha kunye kwemithambo injini. Konke oku isidima neziphawuli zokusebenza ezifana yokusebenza injini, ucikizeko, okusingqongileyo kunye nemiba yezoqoqosho imisebenzi yayo. Ke uthuthu eqalisiweyo egumbini yokutsha ibangela umnini imoto ukhethe amafutha injini ukwenzela ukuba inani octane le zepetroli kwaba omkhulu. Kungenjalo, amandla kakhulu zancitshiswa okanye injini isebenza nge detonation.