Oko isiginci kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko kwiincwadi? Yintoni eyodwa malunga nganye? Kwimpucuko kunye ngokoqobo

Kwimpucuko njengombutho bulumko zavela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwiincwadi nobugcisa, Inokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nokuba ngaphakathi kwimpucuko abaninzi iiyunithi ezahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye. Oko isiginci kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko? Kakade ke, kwizikolo ezikude kakhulu ukusuka naluphi na uhlobo leyinene. Naziphi na iintlobo kwimpucuko kwi abadala ukuba kwincopho ixesha elide elilawulwa kuzo zonke ngokoqobo zobugcisa.

mihla

Le kwimpucuko elithi buyasuswa modernus Latin, nto leyo ithetha - yanje, kutshanje. Ukwahlula ukutolika ubuncinane emithathu iziseko kule ntshukumo. Ke kuzo zonke iimeko libhekisela zahlukane ngamava yembali bonke ubuchule nobugcisa, umnqweno ukuseka imithetho ezingezo-eqhelekileyo ye art elidlulileyo. Ukutolikwa lokuqala (kunye ixhaphakileyo): kwimpucuko kwimizobo yenza imiyalelo ezininzi ngqiqweni: futurism, imiqondiso, expressionism, Acmeism, imagism, cubism, abstractionism, kwemiYalezo, impressionism.

Kwimeko yesibini, eli gama lisetyenziswa ukuba athetha ulwalathiso ngqiqweni uphendlo ubuhle wegcisa. Ukutolikwa sesithathu - nzima kakhulu, xa nesenzeko ubuhle kunye nemibono ngeke equlethwe kule imihlaba ebanzi ye kwimpucuko kodwa ngokoqobo kunjalo ukumelana. Oku, umzekelo, umsebenzi onjalo ababhali "-ifomati enkulu" ezifana Joyce, Kafka, Proust, nabanye abathile, nto leyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo umfundi aveza nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko.

iincwadi

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kutyhilwa ulwalathiso ingakumbi ezibalulekileyo kunye nabantu abanomoya kwimpucuko Russian. Ixesha inkqubela waba nempembelelo yayo phezu uncwadi, alawule Acmeism, imiqondiso kunye futurism, epeyinta, nto leyo nayo utshintsho wafika ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ababhali kunye iimbongi ababesebenza olungundoqo kwimpucuko, ushumayele ingcamango ngokuziphatha, kunye neempawu zayo ithemba kunye ukubola, nto leyo ezisa kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko kwiincwadi. Noko ke, iimbongi inkqubela kunye ababhali ningachukumisi umqondiso wanceda ukudala imisebenzi nembambano yokugcina ophezulu: Krakra, Block, Bruce, White, Mayakovsky, umzekelo.

yokudweba

Le artist waba iphambili okuzekeliswayo enye, Unxibelelaniso, kunye ubuchwepheshe kwabo, nentaba, uqulungqo ngqo esi sicwangciso, ngaphandle ungabe ezimile yonke njengobuxoki. Images baba flat, kunye imigca agudileyo, okwakhiwe yaye ngokufuthi imvelaphi obungabangeli mdla. mibala Floral, intertwining zodonga, intsimbi kwabonakala ukuba flow makanyebeleze kunye namanani oluntu. Xa olube amagcisa mihla arhola bakhuthazwa imifanekiso zothando. Ngoko ke, oko kudla isibheno fiction, nobugqi, ngokomoya, njengoko zokuthetha, adlale nge kweengcinga abalinganiswa kunye neemvakalelo - oku kuvelisa imisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko. Amagcisa Fine zidla kunye Gauguin baba abameli ebalaseleyo of nemifuziselo kwi womzobo.

Fauvism

Abameli Fauvism (fauve evela isiFrentshi - endle) kunye ngokuqhula kwaye kakhulu ngokuba savages abo obuqaqambileyo ngqiqweni, uhlobo angaqhelekanga amabala umbala, imibala kunye umahluko iintlobo nokuphakanyiswa angathethekiyo. Ngegcisa elinye ezininzi ezikhethekileyo ezifake kuyo, waba Matisse. Xa expostulated umzekelo, ukuba impumlo uboniswa umfazi Wajika eluhlaza, waphendula ukuba akukho abafazi yena iipeyinti, nokupeyinta.

amandla yomphefumlo, spontaneity kunye uthsintsho emibala - nantso into eyahlula langoku evela Fauves, nithi, post-impressionists ezifana Gauguin okanye Van Gogh, nangona yokuba baba inspirers yokuba lo mkhuba entsha. ukuba isiginci kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko? Impendulo ingajongeka ngoluhlobo. kabukhali okukhulu kakhulu kunye umbala ecacileyo, ukuchasanisa, umbala wendawo kunye nangaphandle, isingqisho ezibonwayo, gabalala bendawo, ukuxuba ukwenza imisele, akukho umzekelo ukukhanya nethunzi, akukho nembono yomgama.

futurism

Futurism (ukusuka futurum Latin - elizayo) ngoncwadi Russian yabangela buchopho, kodwa kumzobo Russian ngokupheleleyo ngendlela yayo olusulungekileyo ayakhekanga, xa kuthelekiswa ne-Europe. Oko encothula kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko, kukuba omnye lulandelayo evela kwezinye ngokuthe ngcembe, yaye ke aqukuqela kungena wesithathu, ezinye iimpawu uphawu ke kungeniswe phezu kobokuqala, kodwa ezinye ukuthenga kwi elitsha.

wabonakala Futurism kunye Fauvism ngenxa kubukho. Kunye umkhuba futurism livela ukukhulula wegcisa emsebenzini wakhe ngaphaya art: inkcubeko yemveli, oko kukuthi ngokoqobo sasitshayelwe ukusungulwa Sciences ezintsha, technicism kunye urbanism. Bamemeze ixesha industrial, imizi emikhulu kunye, ezaqanjwa zabo esinamandla ingalawuleki kunye noludumileyo inkqubela phezu umntu ngqo.

Kwimpucuko kunye ngokoqobo

Kwimpucuko luyathandabuzeka. Ngokoqobo - on koko, eziphathekayo kakhulu, eqondakalayo kubantu bonke, ngenxa yokuba phantse ibonisa ngqo lobomi - lowo, okanye ukuba kufuneka uluvo lombhali umsebenzi. Kwimpucuko kwinginginya akucaci kakhulu. Yena kude kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na okwimo ebomini, nabo kuphakanyiswa. Le ukufuna bomkhuhlane ubomi apho ayikwazanga kube.

Kwaye, Isimanga, modernists abaninzi baye bafumanisa ukuba ubomi ngokwayo, ngoko amanye vangama ngokungacacanga enqatheni ngokwenene lumbi ngaxeshanye. Kwimpucuko ( "ngempama ebusweni incasa kawonke") eyayibonwa revolution, ngenxa yokuba "inqanawa modernity" lehla izithethe ubudala ubudala kunye izimiso eyamkelekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kwimpucuko yabangela amagcisa ezinkulu ezifana Vrubel, Matisse, Mucha, Rousseau, Modigliani, Klimt.

baziphatha

Kunzima ukuba uphendule umbuzo ezisa kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko kunye ngokoqobo. Noko ke, ingongoma qha apho kunye nabo. Eyona eziphathekayo - into yokuba ngokuziphatha, enezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo ulwalathiso yokuluka. Ungubani waseKorinte? Baziphatha (ukusuka waseKorinte French - ukwehla) - ubomi ngaphandle naziphi na iinjongo yoluntu, ngaphandle kokuba nokholo isiqalo efanelekileyo, kukho ukwehla kangaka ibe ngamava onombono kuzimele.

Kwaba isikhundla ekuhlaleni ukuba inxalenye enkulu kangangoko ye nezazi, obehamba ukusuka yobunzima ubomi obungathethekiyo amaphupha, yenzeka, nokuba nobugqi. Umzekelo, kwi imisebenzi babonisa nengxaki waseKorinte kubomi beli ngaloo minyaka. iindlela Modernist, ngaphandle kokukhetha, ngendlela enye okanye omnye umntu omdala kule intsimi limfiliba lwe ngokuziphatha, ukuba asitsala nemisinga kunye ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko. Kule ncwadi, wenza isaziso yena phambi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, wafikelela incopho yawo kwi eko. Esi simo ngamazwe, ngexesha saphawula phantse yonke kwilizwekazi.

Kwimpucuko - ukuvukela?

Revolution zincwadi nje engaphephekiyo ngathi kulo lonke uluntu, kuba kuvuthwa izizathu ezinzulu kakhulu ukwenzeka kwayo. Omnye umba ukuba revolution decadence wayengekho noloyiso eRashiya. Nangona kunjalo, kunye revolution waseKorinte Native kakhulu. Okokuqala, zahlukane nenkqubo isithethe ngokoqobo "lililo", nazo zonke isithethe yenkcubeko eNtshona Koloni ngokubanzi.

Ekubeni naliphi na icala bamaxesha angaphambili indlela enye okanye omnye zinxulumene kwizithethe classical: sinokukhumbula ukuba classicists "wathandaza" Antiquity, romance balinqula kumaXesha Aphakathi, kodwa bonke bephela de kufike of kwimpucuko lula ingqalelo Classic, kuba kwimpucuko naliphi na icala elinye uyithande linoxanduva yonke imibuzo obungunaphakade kunye neempendulo ziya kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka engaphambili. Modernists waziva waphelelwa ethile zonke iintlobo zobugcisa zinjalo, ubuhle va nokudinwa.

umphefumlo-ukucinga

Yintoni ebangela intshukumo modernist, isimo sengqondo ngokoqobo, apho, ngokwembono zabo, esingenakuzazi ihlabathi wedwa, kungekho mzamo, kodwa kuba umsebenzi zinjalo ngomatshini kwaye yokuzenzisa, ukuba ndagqobhoza amaqhosha abanomdla kuphela ingubo umlinganiswa kunokuba bangaphakathi isimo sengqondo. Kakade ke, lo mbono ngendlela ebaxiweyo, kwaye ngokoqobo mkhulu, yaye akazange uyaqonda yobukhulu zehlabathi, ukuba, ekugqibeleni, ekruqulayo. Nangona kunjalo, xa ngokoluvo modernists ukuchaneka okuziinkozo kuye: nomsebenzi wabo kuba ubukhulu becala ibonisa umbono lobuqu sifundo, kwaye kumazwe obugcisa, ukuba wadala ezikhethekileyo, akukho look-ngokufanayo.

Isiqingatha sokuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini - ixesha nzima ukuba ukuthembeka kumaxabiso zemveli: inkcubeko humanistic lwalusiwa, le lwesininzi Western kunye ithi loozwilakhe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ukuze sikuqonde igama elithi 'inkululeko' kwi leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kwakukho isixhobo wentshabalalo abaninzi, ukuphila kwabantu devalued kwisenzo kwiinkampu zoxinaniso ekubulaweni kwenqwaba . Kwimpucuko yavela ngenxa ka dehumanization kwexesha. Kwaye oku kwakhona ingcaciso ezisa kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo of kwimpucuko eyahlula kwimpucuko ngokoqobo, yaye leyo nkampani ibango ngexesha kwexesha elinikiweyo.

Kwimpucuko kunye neencwadi - lokuvula

Isizathu sokuba modernists zoqhankqalazo baba iifomu lixesha kunye neengcamango, kwakufuneka iindlela ezintsha kunye ezintsha ukumelwa leyinene. Kwafuneka ukuba sijonge ukuba iingcinga kunye neentlobo uhlaziyo uncwadi lwemveli. Kule ndlela ayikwazanga ukwenza ngaphandle kakhulu ezineempembelelo lonke uphuhliso elandelayo ngeziphumo zoncwadi.

Ngoko kwakukho omnye ongaphakathi, i meta-language, umsinga osezingqondweni, imiqondiso, umbutho elikude, ithiyori polyphony, intsomi kwezigqibo, ubuchule jikelele ubugcisa kunye jikelele nobuhle ingqiqo, uncwadi luye zizityebi ukufunyanwa zendawo angayaziyo, i ibingakholeleki.

Ndikunye kwimpucuko kwiincwadi apho ingqalelo iinkcukacha kwihlabathi engaphakathi ngamnye ngezindlu kwexabiso zobugcisa kunye yabantu, oko wesuka intuition ngobuchule, iincwadi iqondwa njenge ulwazi ephakamileyo, ukukwazi ukungena kwi kwiimbombo ngendlela ebalaseleyo iphela kunye spiritualize ihlabathi ezisa kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko. Yintoni eyodwa malunga nganye - uzimisele ngamnye.

yobudala Silver

Ixesha uphendlo ngokupheleleyo, ezi oliqhophololo kunye ukuphikisana, uncwadi yenzelwe ukubonisa zonke iimpawu zakhe, wafumana enye indlela kodwa kwimpucuko namanzi zalo zahlukeneyo. Poetics, ukuba siyakrazula kunye nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko, iincwadi (grade 11) ngokufunda indlela Silver Age. Le inxalenye enye yenkcubeko ngokubanzi ubugcisa zelizwe lethu ezinxulumene acmeism, imiqondiso kunye futurism - iintsingiselo owayephila yakutshanje.

New le meko zoncwadi - yabonisa ukuba bokubanga lesiphelo kwewaka, oko kukuthi, lo ezidimazayo ukuhla, intshabalalo eqhubekela kokufa iphela. Nathemba, passivity ngokuziphatha, ukulahlwa yakhe oluntu, umnqweno wayo ukuba babhacele kwihlabathi ngamava abo - olu hlobo osezingqondweni luphawulwa kukuba esihlanganisa nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko. Njengoko Balmont wabhala ukuba ebebathiya uluntu ukuba ezikhawulezayo kusinda kuyo, ukuba ilizwe kuphela - wawo umphefumlo senkangala.

avant-garde

Avant-garde - intshukumo amagcisa Vanguard kwesiqingatha sokuqala kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini, esibonakala ngumnqweno zokuyihlaziya le nkqubo yonke ubugcisa kwi amathupha, ndaphule nazo zonke izithethe salo kunye nemigaqo kukuba ukufumana umxholo engaqhelekanga, iindlela ezintsha yokuthetha, ngaphambili iintlobo engaziwayo umsebenzi. Nditsho ubudlelwane phakathi ubomi womzobi yayeka ukuba efana amava angaphambili. Zonke nogonyamelwano olungathwethwisa era ekuhlaleni refracted kwi nakwiimpikiswano avant-garde, oko yayisonganyelwa lithemba kunye nokudideka ebusweni ziintlekele zoluntu inkqubo yehlabathi.

Kandinsky and Malevich

Fauvism, futurism, cubism, expressionism, ubugcisa abstract, Dadaism - abantwana avant-garde, kwaye kanye kwimpucuko idla ngokuba ilizwi. Hayi kangaka kude inyaniso - oko phantse nye. wabonakala ngenxa kwiqela amagcisa French abaye wahlela mboniso ngo-1905 kuphela kwikota ngokwayo.

Enye abameli aqaqambe of kwimpucuko eRussia Kandinsky, amela imvelaphi zobugcisa abstract. Imbonakalo beqabe amabala amakhulu yakhiwe ezimnyama - inkalo uphawu yokubhala kwakhe. Yintoni bamanyane ihlanganisa nemisinga ezahlukeneyo kwimpucuko, Kandinsky abuthethe: eqhekekileyo, flatness, zokuhombisa.

Le artist babefuna ukubhabha simahla kwi amazwi iimvakalelo, kodwa attachment kuphazamisana ngendlela esemagqabini. Wafumana la manani ezizodwa enesingqi enemibala imigca ukuba adlulise intsingiselo ngokucacileyo iimvakalelo kwaye ukudala isimo.

Le experimenter evela umzobo Kazimir Malevich wakhuthaza into efana iisilinda cubist kunye iikhowuni, leyo eyenzelwe osuka kumfanekiso, indlela Futurist nge nanjongo. "Black Square" - a imanifesto olu hlobo art non-njongo.