PPM - oku kangakanani? Yintoni ireyithi avumelekile lotywala egazini kwiindawo million nganye?

PPM - iyunithi yokumisela isixa lotywala egazini. Enye iyunithi PPM yinto sewaka into ekwenziwa isishumi lolwelo ekhulwini. Kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi inkunzi nemazi ekuchongeni kwizalathisi. PPM - oku kangakanani? Lo mbuzo umdla abaninzi.

Identification nokubalwa

Sayina PPM ngolu hlobo lulandelayo - ‰. Idla zabhidaniseka uphawu ekhulwini, nto leyo impazamo.

• 1 ‰ = 0.1% = 1/1000 = 0,001.
• 100 ‰ = 10% = 0.1.
• 200 ‰ = 200/1000 = 20% = 0.2.

Emva kwemizuzu engama-30 emva kokungenisa ebantwini lunokukhangela izinto xi ubuninzi utywala.

PPM - ngomlinganiselo enika ulwazi malunga:

• isiqulatho utywala ngexesha elithile;
• iintlobo ezahlukeneyo umthamo yesiselo;
• ixesha elifunekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba utywala emke emzimbeni.

Oku kuya kuxhomekeka kwi parameters zilandelayo:

• ubunzima, isini, iminyaka yomntu;
• ulwelo ekhulwini esekelwe ubunzima umzimba womntu;
• volume utywala, nto leyo owamkelwa.

Ngoko PPM - oku kangakanani?

izigaba ukunxila

amanqanaba ukunxila iyohluka, ngokuxhomekeke utywala obuselwe. Eyokuqala luphawulwa kuphela ukunxila kancinane, ubungnqongqo avareji uya kuthi okwesibini, iqondo kakhulu kunxilwe ivela kwi Isigaba sesithathu. Inqanaba lokugqibela ezisongela ubomi kuba oko ukuphuhlisa isiqaqa nokufa.

A ithamo esibulalayo uya kuba ngumntu:

• 4-8 c. ethyl utywala ngalinye 1 kg ubunzima bomzimba ukuba abantu abadala;
• 3 c. ngalinye 1 kg abafikisayo ubunzima, abagulayo kunye nabantu abadala.

Okulandelayo ipesenti intetho-ethanol egazini kwinqanaba ngalinye:

• ukuya ku 0.3% - kweempembelelo zotywala akakho esikolweni;
• 0.3-0.5% - impembelelo yi kunokuba buthathaka;
• 0.5-1.5% - kuthetha degree kancinane;
• 1.5-2.5% - degree avareji;
• 2.5-3% - step abanamandla;
• 3-5% - Isigaba enzima, ngexesha ezinokuthi zenzeke isiqaqa kwanokufa;
• 5-6% - yinto idosi ebulalayo.

PPM, okwenza ukuba

Yintoni kuvumelekile mille nganye? Esi sisixa apho wada kuvunyelwa ukuba aqhube.

Xa sithini isixa traffic utywala obuselwe iya kukhuseleka khona? Ukuziphatha kunye indlela lomqhubi ziya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke mille nganye:

• 0.1-0.6 PPM. Ukususa umthombo ukukhanya kubonwa akuphuhlanga kakuhle. uvavanyo abaziintsizana meko. Style yokuhambisa uba yingozi, isantya kudla idlula imida yokwakha, umqhubi uyakwazi ukwenzakalisa abanye.
• 0.6-0.9 PPM. Evaluation imigama ngokungafanelekanga ukungalingani kwenzeka, uqikelelo imeko unzima. Ukukhanyisa, umgama, kubonisa ezinye izithuthi kunye nomthamo izibane umqhubi awuthunyelwanga kuthakazelelwa ngokwaneleyo.
• 0.9-1.3 PPM. Okusela umoya. Kukho kunciphiso engile udidi lwembono, ababuthathaka imbono ephosakeleyo leyinene. Attention engekho ngokupheleleyo, iqondo eliphezulu ukunxila yenza umqhubi yingozi kwabanye yaye mna ngokunjalo.
• 1.3-2.5 PPM. Ukulondolozwa lokuqonda kunzima, ngokuba uqhuba imoto ayikho ngaphandle mbuzo. ukungaboni, reaction, kuqhelaniswa esithubeni.

PPM oluvumelekileyo iiyunithi 0.1 okanye ngaphantsi.

Iimpawu kunxilwe

Umntu kuthathwa enxilile xa kukho inani kweempawu. Zezi:

• Ivumba enamandla utywala ukusuka emlonyeni;
• ukuma ezingazinzanga, wavakalisa iminwe ukungcangcazela;
• nentetho engekho mgaqweni, ukuziphatha hayi nelyo indawo;
• utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kwesikhumba (bomvu, blanching);
• intshukumo elibukhali embi, ukuziphatha ngokungafanelekanga.

Indlela ukufumanisa PPM ukuba xa ukusela utywala?

Ratio ye-PPM egazini kunye iimpawu uphatho kwi zigaba ezithile zo kunxilwe ngolu hlobo.

Kwinqanaba 0,010-0,030 utywala kukho ukuziphatha eqhelekileyo nokuphazamiseka efihliweyo ukuba bakwazi ukuchonga iimveliso ezithile kuphela, sigaba ukunxila loo kugqalwa wobulali.

Xa umgangatho utywala 0,031-0,060 ukuziphatha luphawulwa imincili inobulali, lincoko, ukuphumla, ukwehla kwinqanaba sizibambe ingqondo lehlile kuba lula ukunxila eliphakathi.

Kwinqanaba utywala 0,061-0,1 yokuziphatha yohlukile extroversion, buthuntu yonke imvakalelo, disinhibition eyomeleleyo, imbono kakuhle nokuqiqa, kukho impendulo abaziintsizana umfundi ekukhanyeni, kusenjalo i wononophelo kunxilwe.

Kwinqanaba utywala ukuziphatha 0,11-0,2 kwahlukile frenzy, umsindo, iimvakalelo ezinamandla utshintshe, imizwa, ikhaliphe baphula, intetho nokucacisa, ukulawula ukuziphatha, izakhono iimoto, ukunxila kwenzeka kunye namathuba ephakamileyo, abanesidanga olomeleleyo ukunxila.

Kwinqanaba utywala 0,21-0,30 yokuziphatha yahlukile badengeka, amathuba yokulahlekelwa osezingqondweni, buthathaka zonke mizwa, inkumbulo kakuhle, ulwazi, izakhono iimoto, amanqanaba kunxilwe kakhulu, kwenzeka ityhefu.

Xa umgangatho 0,31-0,40 ukuziphatha luphawulwa ilahleko osezingqondweni, le inhibition yomeleleyo kwenkqubo luvo lunokwenzeka ulawulo esibulalayo baphula, kwentliziyo, ukuphefumla, lizama kwenzeka ukunxila kunye ukunxila olomeleleyo.

Kwinqanaba 0,41-0,51 yokuziphatha esibonakala ilahleko osezingqondweni, mhlawumbi akubulali, ulawulo ilahlekile, umoya owaphukileyo, iyangongoza, kukho nystagmus, ukunxila womelele, ingozi ebomini bomntu.

Kwinqanaba ngaphezu 0.51 kuza ityhefu womeleleyo emzimbeni nge esibulalayo.

ithamo olubulala: Ingaba kukho impendulo elula?

PPM - elithile, kogotory nga kunceda ekugqibeni idosi ebulalayo.

Kwimeko nganye ngamnye ngayo zemali ziyahluka. Nkqu ugqirha kunzima ukuchaza ngokucacileyo. Ngoko ke indlela utywala kakhulu izinto ukusela, nokuba ingakanani na sele ayingozi ebantwini?

Xa amanani, la manani sele ingqalelo. iiyunithi PPM 6-8 liya kuba ithamo ebulalayo ukuba umntu omdala, 2.5 PPM ubonisa kunxilwe olomeleleyo. Kodwa iluncedo ngakumbi ukuba loo mntu avareji ukuqwalasela ngeelitha.

Ngoko ke izinga PPM uyaziwa.

Ukuba usela enye ibhotile yevodka omdala, ufumana PPM nje 2.5. Kwaye ukuba uthatha iibhotile ezintathu ngumqulu kwesiqingatha selitha, ngoko kuya kuba umthamo ebulalayo. Kodwa ke kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukusebenzisa utywala ukuba umntu iyure yonke. Kodwa ukuba kusolula utywala ixesha elide, ngakumbi ukuba izimuncumuncu kunye nentshukumo esebenzayo, ukufa nje kuphela ukunxila elinamandla.

Iwayini kunye ibhiya buthathaka ingqalelo utywala. Ukuze ufumane ithamo iyabulala, kufuneka sisele kakhulu. Njengoko inani elikhulu yokusela kuza yokusabela sokhuselo eziphilayo ngohlobo ukugabha, ngoko inxenye utywala ngaphandle emzimbeni liyaboniswa. Ithamo ebulalayo ixhomekeke ubunzima, ubudala, isini, kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo.

Ngenxa yoko, i-PPM - ngumlinganiselo ukuzikisa ingqondo utywala igazi, nesalathisi ulwazi kakhulu.