Ipharasitholo- Medical: Inkcazo, isifo, ukungcola yokuhlela

Ihlabathi lethu lihle kwaye zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Amawaka eziphilayo omthandayo ubuhle bayo, amandla, ukukwazi ukuba baphile kunye nezinye iimpawu ezizodwa. Kodwa ke, ngelishwa, kukho ukukhanya ukuba abazi lutho ukutsala zahluke kuphela into yokuba bahlala ngeendleko ezinye izidalwa. It izinambuzane. Medical ipharasitholo- lijongana ngokwababalwayo kubo ezinobungozi kwimpilo yoluntu kunye nobomi.

Kunzima ukuyicinga indlela abaninzi babo kukho ehlabathini. Oku kunye neentsholongwane, neentsholongwane, kwaye nomngundo, kunye neempethu, nezinambuzane, yaye ilula - iintlobo kwesigidi ambalwa, kwaye uninzi lwazo ngakumbi okanye bakwazi umonakalo ngaphantsi. Yokwazi ukuba loluphi uhlobo lweentshulube ezingenisiweyo umntu anike yimbandezelo, kukho amaziko ezonyango kunye nophando ezikhethekileyo, umzekelo, eMoscow na Institute of ipharasitholo- kunye Tropical Medicine ogama Martsinovsky. Ke ukuqhuba uphando ukuchonga izitshabalalisi ze ukumisela isiphumo unyango.

amaziko afanayo kwizixeko ezininzi ezinkulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo zehlabathi, kuba loo maphalo kuhlasela abantu abakubudala, iintlanga, ethnicities kunye izini, kunye onke amaxesha onyaka. Indlela ukuqaphela ukuba baye encinane besakhiwo ababulali? Kufuneka wenze ntoni nalapho ukuya uncedo? Makhe uphando.

Yintoni ipharasitholo-?

Okokuqala, jonga ezinye amagama. Yeyona ixhaphakileyo kubo - gazi. Ngaba inzululwazi echaphazelekayo isifundo lweentshulube zebhayoloji, iimpawu zazo morphological lobomi, imigaqo parasitism na umyalezo, Pathogenesis, kwakunye neendlela zophuhliso ukuze kuliwe nabo, kwaye ukufunyanwa kwamachiza amatsha ukunyanga izifo bakufikise. Enye yezona iinkalo ziphambili inzululwazi, specialising in izinambuzane yabantu, i ipharasitholo- yezonyango. Ukuchaza lingenza oku kulandelayo - Ingaba icandelo amayeza izifundo zonke iintlobo umsebenzi yayintsholongwane eyosulela izinambuzane - ke yosulele omnye umntu, nto leyo ebangela lwesifo njengoko lusenzeka ngaphezu ziyingozi, ukuba abaphathe nokukhusela ngayo nxamnye nabo.

Kukho Kusekho ipharasitholo- lwezilwanyana, leyo, umgaqo, yinto enye nje unyango, kuphela izilwanyana. Kwindalo, kukho iqela eziphilayo ekwaziyo ukubetha zombini abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi yi nasekusungulweni ezincinane yimidlalo umsebenzi ekumfimfitheni kulo naluphi na uhlobo omnye umkhosi, umzekelo, kuphela iintaka mhlawumbi kuphela ngabantu, okanye kuphela izilwanyana ezinegazi elishushu. Ngoko ke, kukho amacandelo amabini ipharasitholo-, omnye elijongene micro-izinto ezibanga izifo ebantwini, abanye - izilwanyana.

Izigaba ipharasitholo- Medical

zilwanyana Army kuphela kuninzi, kodwa inobuso ezininzi. Ngalinye iintlobo inayo, iimpawu zayo abayinqobo kuphela uLevi, ububomi kwaye ngezifo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Ukuze kube lula umsebenzi izazinzulu ngandlel umahluko uphando ukuba benza njalo, xa ipharasitholo- zonyango ezichongiweyo izihloko ezininzi, abanomdla kuphela iintlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo:

- protozoology;

- arachnoentomology;

- Helminthology.

Kubalulekile: iimpawu zosulelo, okubangelwa ngabameli nayiphi na kula macandelo zidla iyafana iimpawu zesi sifo na enxulumene ohlaselo, ngoko ngaphandle iimvavanyo efanelekileyo linokwenziwa amayeza, nto leyo musa kukhokelela ekubeni iziphumo ezidibanisayo. Ukuze ukuphelisa amathuba osulelo, kufuneka ziphathwe Kumbindi Medical of ipharasitholo- (ukuba iyafumaneka kwilali), okanye kwelinye iziko lezempilo inxaxheba ukubonwa kwezifo olwaye lwamfimfitha.

protozoology Medical

igama Compound "protozoology" wenziwe ezintathu ezilula, nto leyo ngesiGrike kuthetha oku kulandelayo: "balwe" - i "zoo" yokuqala - isilwanyana "logy" - lathamba iguqulelwe oko kumalunga nantoni na, efundisa. Leyo icandelo ipharasitholo- Medical protozoology benza isifundo zezinto eziphilayo olwaye lwamfimfitha kruthwano phakathi kweyokuqala ehlabathini. Bonke bephela lenyama single-ezineseli - amoeba eyaziwa esikolweni kunye nezinye ciliates. Abaninzi babo bahlale kokusingqongileyo, ngaphandle ebangela ukuba inkathazo, kodwa amanye amalungu eqela bebeziqhelanisa abahlala kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Xa buqu, bakubiza olwaye lwamfimfitha okanye, ngamanye amazwi, izifo olwaye lwamfimfitha. Ezi iintsholongwane eziyingozi ziquka:

1. ziiamoeba. imilinganiso zabo 0.5 mm okanye ngaphantsi, uze umzimba ayatshintsha equmbile yaye etsala ezithile nezinye iinkqubo. Ezi zilwanyana zincinane, kanye emathunjini yabantu, okubangela izifo amebiasis esibi yokulinda "mawubekeke 'kwindawo yesibini ehlabathini ngokwemigaqo yokufa evela ezimbi ezonakalisayo. Xa umntu, iintlobo ezininzi amoebae ekumfimfitheni. Segazi (Entamoeba histolytica) yeyona umphambanisi segazi, uhlobo elula Acanthamoeba keratitis kudale amebic, kunye nenani ziiamoeba kubangela kobuchopho amoebic. Abanokosulelwa ngokutya ukutya okanye amanzi equlathe cyst amebic kwakunye abadibana olusondeleyo yenethiwekhi zabo. Xa emathunjini yaye yaziswa nodonga lwawo, amoeba igazi zenziwa emzimbeni womntu ezifakwe kwamanye amalungu akhe, ngokufuthi esibindini nangokujaduka ezongezelelweyo bakha amebiasis.

2. flagellates. Nanjengoko igama layo lixela, aba azamazama nje ngokusebenzisa isiliya, misila kunye namanye amaqumrhu efanayo. Ipharasitholo- Medical kunye nezifo olwaye lwamfimfitha bezalana ngokusondeleyo, akunamsebenzi nokuba yintoni uhlobo eziphilayo khange ingqalelo. Ngokukodwa, flagellate Trichomonas vaginalis ibangela itrichomoniasisi enzala kwakugcwele nenzalo, kwaye kwiimeko xa begula, ukhulelwe, itrichomoniasisi kunokubangela kwezisu. Trichomonas, ngokungafaniyo nezinye izinambuzane abaninzi bahlala kuphela umntu, yaye le yosulela ngokuhlangana close (ngokwesondo). Ezinye abameli avelele flagellates - amalungu sodidi Leishmania, trypanosome Gambian ebangela trypanosomiasis Afrika ezibulalayo. Trypanosomes ukunwenwa okweempukane izibawu. Xa umntu, loo maphalo bafudukele ebuchotsheni. imisebenzi yawo ukuphazamisana iinkqubo umzimba phantse bonke. Kunjalo kukho sporozoans, i ingozi leyo kuthathwa Taxoplasma Gandi, ebangela toxoplasmosis.

3. I ciliates. phakathi kwabo nje kuphela izihlangu, kodwa coli Balantidium, leyo wabetha emathunjini kukhokelela ezinzulu balanthidiasis ukugula. Bangenwa balantidiumom wamathumbu kunokuba ukusuka kwizilwanyana ngokuthi nokudliwa kuqatshelwa ukupheka ngokwaneleyo inyama, yaye zitya ukutya kunye namanzi ukusuka cysts sisidleleli.

arachnoentomology Medical

NgesiGrike, "arachnis" - yesigcawu. Ngako oko, arachnoentomology - a ipharasitholo- zonyango waziphatha ezinamaqokobhe kunye arthropods ngokubanzi, olwaye lwamfimfitha abantu. Zonke ezi zilwanyana wavula kwesiqingatha ngaphezu kwesigidi. Bangafika okwexeshana (bahlaselwa basela igazi kwixhoba ekhohlo) kunye esisigxina (bahlala ixhoba ukususela ekuzalweni kwakhe ekufeni). ingozi enkulu eli qela lweentshulube esona sizathu sokuba batshutshiswe kakhulu, kwaye isifo esibulalayo wesibeleko esigqibeleleyo. Ngoko ke, siya kunikwa ntwala kobuchopho, relapsing ifiva, isifo Lyme, ukhwekhwe, intakumba asingenise isibetho, yesifo, iincukuthu - isifo Chagas, ziingcongconi - seengcongconi, anthrax, icesina emthubi. Kukho nezinye izinambuzane ezinobungozi ikutyela - ziintwala, izibawu, ihashe iimpukane, iintwala iinkuni. Ukongeza, kukho umyalelo enkulu izinambuzane, irhorho ngokwemvelo, kodwa kwakhona bethwele isifo esiyingozi. It iimpukane, amaphela, amabhungane ezahlukeneyo.

helminthology Medical

Phakathi sisidleleli uluntu azikho nje encinane, kodwa mikhulu, ngokugqibeleleyo ebonakalayo ngeliso lenyama, kwaye maxa wambi nkqu umntu omkhulu. It ntshulube nemibungu, kunye neempethu ngokwenzululwazi. Minyaka bosulelekile wonke umhlali yesibini iplanethi yethu, yaye eRashiya, ngokutsho uphando, helminthiasis unesifo 99% yabemi. Ngoko ke kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka komsebenzi, nto leyo ukwenza ipharasitholo- zonyango, ukugcina abemi bethu kule usulelo. Helminths iphazanyiswe nje kuphela abo ukuthobela ngococeko ngesandla, okanye ukutya iziqhamo ezingahlanjwanga kunye nemifuno, kodwa abo zatya inyama engaphekisiswanga izitya inyama izilwanyana zasekhaya, iinkukhu, intlanzi, amanzi wedobo okusela.

Nokuba ngempazamo ukubamba unako, umzekelo, wabaginya ne mbovane ukutya carrier helminth kwindawo okanye cysts. Kukho iqela ziimpethu (zibizwa abafowunelwa) ukuba ufake umzimba ixhoba ngesikhumba lomelele. Medical ipharasitholo-, Helminthology ngokukodwa, wenza nje umahluko kweentlobo ziimpethu, kodwa ukufunda imijikelo zabo zophuhliso, njengokuba elinye iqela labantu lo mkhosi mkhulu, kunye nezinye - esiphakathi.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukufunda njani kwaye yintoni na inqanaba lophuhliso ezimfimfitha kusichukumisa ngabantu, amanye isilwanyana uba umkhosi esiphakathi, yaye indlela izenzo zabantu sidityanisiwe nolu. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi ngenxa flatworms. Umzekelo, ngenxa ye tapeworm lenkomo, zihluma emzimbeni womntu ukuya ku-10 eemitha ubude, yinto ezizitho zine, ukuba inyama yehagu tapeworm - iihagu, ngokuba tapeworm ebanzi - iintlanzi.

nematodes

Ngoko ke kuthiwa ziiroundworms, apho zifumaneka kwindalo aze achaze iintlobo 24,000. Ngethamsanqa, asingabo bonke bephela olwaye lwamfimfitha umntu, kodwa ezo inkqubo zazivelela abaye bakhetha abantu kusenze kakhulu sisifo ezimbi - nematodes. Eyona eyaziwa kakhulu phakathi abemi nematodes - kuba pinworms, ezo iimpethu kakhulu abaninzi abantwana ehlabathini lonke yaye ebangela enterobiosis ukugula. Pinworms bahlala kuphela umntu (ethunjini), usuleleko kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ngezandla ezimdaka, iziqhamo ezingahlanjwanga kunye nemifuno, izinto zelinen nendlu, esetyenziswa yi sisigulana.

Doctor parasitologist lula ukufumanisa ohlaselo pinworm sele kwi uphawu olulodwa iimpawu - ukurhawuzelela kakhulu kwi ezimpundu, kuba kulapho iimpethu babeke amaqanda. Ukuze abangele ukurhawuzelela, ukuba cell esidi okhethekileyo. Isigulane iqalisa ahla site, kunye namaqanda kule nkqubo kuwa wamamkelela ezingalweni zakhe, ngoko emlonyeni, iimpahla, izinto zokudlala - naphi na. Kwindawo ahlala ixesha elide, ngoko ke ixhoba elandelayo ukuba akathanga azihlambe izandla, ngokulula azinze pinworm emizimbeni yabo. Enye ummeli ezaziwayo-kakuhle amile nematode ababangela ascariasis. Kwakhona bahlala kuphela komntu, kodwa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo wophuhliso lwawo, ezinza emiphungeni okanye emathunjini. Umthombo amagciwane kule meko kwakhona umntu ogulayo kuphela, nosuleleko isizathu ukungabikho kococeko lomntu buqu.

ekuxilongweni

Njengoko kubonakala ngentla apha, loo maphalo yabantu, kukho amakhulu, yaye nganye awohluke yayo. Ukuze amise echanileyo kokuxilongwa ngugqirha parasitologist ngokuyimfuneko uqokelela imbali:

- icacisa iimeko phantsi apho usulelo ukuba kwenzeka (ubomi yesigulane ngemihla, umsebenzi wakhe, okanye ukuba ekhefini, umzekelo, emahlathini okanye kumazwe apho nezifo rhoqo kwezifo olwaye lwamfimfitha);

- ubukho okanye ukungabikho zoqhagamshelwano isigulane kunye namaqela ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, njalo-njalo);

- iimpawu zesi sifo (ukuba kukho ukurhawuzelela, irhashalala, iimpawu kunxilwe, ubuthathaka, igazi).

A indima ebalulekileyo uxilongo benza iimvavanyo elebhu. Bona ngqo nengxelo-ntetho. Direct ukubona amaqanda, kwindawo okanye ezinye eziphilayo le irhorho nelindle (ilindle, isikhohlela, umchamo). Lo msebenzi wenziwa elabhoratri ipharasitholo- apho isigulane kufuneka bapase izinto entsha kuphela uphando. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iintlobo ziimpethu ingafumaneka kwi endleni, ungadlulanga owe ngaphezu kwemizuzu engama-20 emva kokuba intshukumo kwesisu.

Ukuba kuqokelela izinto ezintsha kunzima okanye akunakwenzeka (umzekelo, ukuba irhorho ezi esibindini, ingqondo), enze iimvavanyo ngqo. Bona ibonakele egazini omzimba athile isigulane eveliswe umzimba ukukhusela nxamnye bohlaselo.

unyango

amalungiselelo ipharasitholo- Medical intshabalalo kwi nezinambuzane umzimba womntu linikeza kakhulu abohlukeneyo. A arhente enye, igcinwe kuzo zonke iintlobo kunye iintlobo zosulelo, ayikho. Ngoko ke, unyango kufuneka kuqesha kuphela oogqirha yaye kuphela emva kokuba ukuxilongwa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zavelisa, kuqukwa yayo ubulungu mebendazole, diethylcarbamazine, levamisole, adipate piperazine kunye nezinye izinto. Ngamnye kubo unako ukutshabalalisa kuphela uhlobo oluthile gazi. Kwezinye iimeko, ezifana ikhonkco inkomo ngexesha usuleleko, unyango lwenziwa intsumpa.

ipharasitholo- Veterinary

Eli candelo kubalulekile nje ukuba abantu babe izilwanyana, kodwa ngamnye kuthi, njengokuba nabo ngokupheleleyo ndawo kungekhona ukunxibelelana izilwanyana nga onakaliswe esidla inyama, intlanzi, okanye babe lixhoba impovane. Veterinary ipharasitholo- elisombulula uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu zemisebenzi:

- uhlola izilwanyana ubukho kuzo zonke izinambuzane ezaziwayo manje;

- kuvelisa unyango;

- iqinisekisa ukuba ezivenkileni abazange ukufumana kwinyama eyosulelekileyo, ubisi, nezinye iimveliso zezilwanyana, kwakunye iintlanzi kunye nentlanzi, ziya kuhlolisisa abaphilileyo izilwanyana abafileyo, yaye kwimeko en endle lokuhlasela Detection icwangcisa ummandla yedwa.

ukuvimbela

Ukuze ukuba ubunzima futhi, kuseloko iintlobo ezininzi lweentshulube, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, eyenzelwe ngokugqibeleleyo sokugonya. Kufuneka isicelo, Ndiyahamba ekhefini okanye umsebenzi Latin America, Afrika kunye nezinye iingingqi umiwe izinambuzane ezithile (bephuzana bugs, iimpukane izibawu, kunye nabanye) ezinokubangela izifo ezinobungozi. Babase kwisitofu kufuneka uqhagamshelane Institute of ipharasitholo- ngalo naliphi na iziko yezonyango kwilali yakhe, benza lo msebenzi. Kuba abahlala kwiingingqi apho izifo nokuqhambuka yeyesiqhelo ebangwa zizinambuzane olwaye lwamfimfitha (ezifana kobuchopho nokutsha komphathi wokukhusela-umna ke Urals, eSiberia nakwiMpuma Ekude), kwaye abo baya kule mimandla ukuze mvume lokuhlala ngokusisigxina okanye okwethutyana, njengoko ugonyo efunekayo.

Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo ekuthintelweni kwezifo invasive uyidlayo Tobacco kuphela iimveliso zohlolo Sanitary. Ukongezelela, musa ukusebenzisa amanzi asuka amanzi ngaphandle abilayo.

Ke okona kubalulekileyo, zifikeleleke kubo bonke iinxalenye iindlela zabantu zokuthintela hlaselo yococeko, oko kukuthi ukuhlamba izandla, iziqhamo, imifuno, kuphekwe ngokwaneleyo inyama, intlanzi, ubisi.