Sezifundo Italian Lorenzo Valla sobulumko: biography, ubuchule

Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) kwaba Italian sezifundo ubuciko, wenguquko, utitshala nengcali umphengululi zoqobo. Wayedlala iingcamango humanistic ka oguqukayo ulwimi kunye nemfundo. ulwazi olunzulu Latin kunye Ezolimi Greek wamvumela ukuba ziqhube uphando lokujongisisa ngokucokisekileyo amaxwebhu yeCawa negalelo kokutshatyalaliswa zeemposiso ajikelezileyo ezingachananga. Valla wabonisa ukuba "Umnikelo of Constantine" lidla ezicatshuliweyo ukuxhasa kwakuphethe yethutyana, kuba eneneni fake.

eliphikisayo

Ukuthathela ingqalelo yokuba umjibilizi logic Aristotle ndathintelwa uphuhliso yesiqhelo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo-bulumko, Valla wayedla ngokuba scholastics, emva uAristotle, ukuba impikiswano. Eyona njongo yayo ukwenza imigca ezintsha ingcinga bulumko, hayi kwiziko okanye inkqubo kwisikolo sabucala. wakhe othi "On iziyolo" (1431) endaweni ye zamaEpikure ingcamango zamaKristu bendlela ukuba umnqweno ulonwabo ngumba ekhuthazayo yokuziphatha kwabantu. Valla kwakhona wasivuna inkolelo yokuba yokuzikhethela zinokudityaniswa kunye isiphelo uThixo kwangaphambili Noko ke, wagxininisa, le ngcamango kungaphaya ingqondo yoluntu ngoko ngumbandela yokholo kunokuba nolwazi lwenzululwazi. Uninzi kwiingcamango bulumko kamva ebolekiweyo kwaye ziphuhliswe ngabanye iinkcuba zoHlaziyo.

ukugxekwa Vula kwakhokelela ukuvela iintshaba ezininzi; izihlandlo eziliqela-sobulumko noLorenzo Valla obabusengozini ofayo. Iimfundiso zakhe e Latin ngcembe watsalela ingqalelo yaye waphumelela kuye isikhundla eVatican - ". ngokoyisa kwabantu phezu lwenkolelo namasiko" lo mcimbi kuthiwa

Life Nemisebenzi

Lorenzo wazalwa malunga 1407 eRoma, eItali. Uyise, Luca della Valle, waba ligqwetha evela Piacenza. Lorenzo wayeseRoma ukufunda Latin phantsi kolwalathiso ngutitshala obalaseleyo - uNjingalwazi Leonardo UBruni (Aretino). Kwakhona baye kwiiklasi kwiYunivesithi wasePadua. Ngowe-1428, i-sobulumko elizayo, wazama ukufumana umsebenzi uzowenza kapopu, kodwa candidacy sakhe saliwe ngenxa eselula. Ngowe-1429 wamenywa ukuba bafundise ubuciko kwi wasePadua, yaye wavuma. Ngowe-1431 Ndabona ngokukhululwa othi "Ngomhla fun." Kamva, umsebenzi yapapashwa, sibonga ngalo nangoku uyafunda kwiiyunivesithi uyilo noLorenzo Valla - ". I okwenyaniso okulungileyo wobuxoki" Ngowe-1433 wanyanzelwa ukuba kufikelela kwinqanaba professorial: Valla wapapasha incwadi evulekileyo apho eseyisa ngokuphandle igqwetha Bartolo lwathi inkqubo kileyo yokufunda.

amaxesha kunzima

Valla washiya eMilan, ngoko e Genoa; waphinda wazama ukufumana umsebenzi eRoma, yaye ekugqibeleni baya Naples, apho wafumana indawo elungileyo esingenamntu kwinkundla Alfonso V, umxhasi, iinkosi ezibalaseleyo ebuhlanti eyaziwa ngenxa yothando lwakhe obugqithisileyo. Alfonso wammisa ukuba abe unobhala wakhe noLorenzo wathethelela ekuhlaseleni iintshaba zakhe ezininzi. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1444 Valla wazibonakalisa nommangalelwa phambi kwentendelezo Kwamacala, njengoko ichazwe esidlangalaleni noluvo lokuba kwisicatshulwa "Apostles 'Creed" ayizange ebhalwe kulandelelwano ngalunye zabapostile abalishumi elinambini. Ekugqibeleni, Alfonso wakwazi ukumisa isimangalo nokuhlangula ekuthinjweni sikanobhala yakhe.

Ngowe-1439 ungquzulwano imfazwe phakathi Alfonso kwakuphethe - ingxaki yaba ukubandakanya sendawo Naples. Lorenzo Valla wabhala bebuzana isincoko exhasa ulawulo kapopu "Umnikelo of Constantine" ngenene umbhalo lobuxoki. Xa umsebenzi wakhe Vallat wabiza wombhodamo lamaRoma, kunye neenkokheli zabo - uhlaselo upopu idima amandla, ekubeni kwakuphethe onke, ngokwembono yakhe, umthombo wabo bonke ububi, ukususela ngelo xesha ubunzima Italy. Eyapapashwa isincoko 1440, kwaba ngayo umlinganiswa ekholisa yokuba kungekudala lonke uluntu niya kubaqonda imvelaphi "isipho Konstantinova" bobuxoki.

Ukuzalwa ezigxeka

E Naples Valla, qhubeka nomsebenzi ubomi banxulumene ngokusondeleyo kunye ephanda philological, uye bamqumbisa uthembekile lowo wambuza ukuchana nezinye izicatshulwa ezininzi zonqulo imvelaphi ongaziwayo, kwaye imibuzo nuzhnost yokuphila emishini. Ngowe-1444, yena wasinda Kwamacala sokugweba, kodwa ingozi akayigcina cwaka sobulumko. Waqhubeka ukwenza intlekisa (Buthathaka) lwimi "anento yokwenza" Latin kunye wayetyholwa ngokuba ngumchasi eSt Augustine. Kungekudala, wapapasha umsebenzi wakhe 'Ubuhle ulwimi Latin. " Lo mbhalo umsebenzi wokwenene wokuqala lwenzululwazi, swi ngokupheleleyo Ezolimi Latin, waphuma kunye nenkxaso katitshala owayesakuba noLorenzo. Uninzi amanani boncwadi ingqalelo umsebenzi okucaphukisayo kuthukwa bazalwana philologist. Valla ukhuphe iimpendulo zakhe nehlekisayo ukuya izimvo kakhulu ezingaphucukanga umsebenzi omtsha zoncwadi, kodwa invectives eziliqela kwakhokelela ngokonakala igama lakhe eRoma.

A ekuqaleni entsha

Emva kokufa Pope Eugene IV ngoFebruwari 1447 Lorenzo waphinda waya elikomkhulu, apho kukwamkelwa ngokufudumeleyo uPopu Nicholas V, yamkela umsebenzi nabantu, njengonobhala yabapostile yayalela ukuba aguqulele kwisiLatin umsebenzi ababhali ezahlukeneyo zamaGrike, kuquka uHerodotus Thucydides. Ukwamkelwa Valley e eRoma ababephila ngokuba "njengoloyiso kwabantu phezu lwenkolelo kunye namasiko."

Kwezimvo nemisebenzi

Lorenzo Valla, ogama engobomi na ngakumbi ngathi inoveli adventure, wehla waya kwimbali kungekuphela zezenzululwazi kunye umphengululi, kodwa njengoko umqalisi yale ndlela zoncwadi njengoko nokugxekwa. Yena idibanisa iimpawu sezifundo ethe, umgxeki enengqiqo kunye nombhali yityhefu. Works Valla wagxila kakhulu kuphuhliso iimbono ezintsha kunye nemisinga olungaziwayo lwe ingcamango yentanda - akazange ukuxhasa naziphi na iinkqubo ezithile bulumko. Wasebenzisa ulwazi olunzulu Latin kunye Ezolimi isiGrike, ukuhlolisisa ngenyameko okubhaliweyo iTestamente Entsha kunye namanye amaxwebhu zonqulo, eziqhele ukusetyenziswa yi ibandla ukuxhasa iimfundiso zabo. Ngenxa yoko, Valla lwaqaliswa iimfundiso ngokupheleleyo umlinganiselo omtsha - inzululwazi. Uninzi izimvo zakhe zobulumko yamkela zoHlaziyo, ingakumbi uMartin Luther King kakhulu impumelelo philological Valle.

umsebenzi

Lo msebenzi adumileyo nabantu, ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kufundwa nzululwazi "yamakhazikhazi ulwimi Latin 'ukuba umele kwiintlelo phantse ezingamashumi amathandathu kwixesha eliphakathi kweminyaka 1471 no-1536. Eyokuqala imbali "Xa iziyolo", eyapapashwa ngo-1431, luphononongo eliciko nobuStoyike, zamaEpikure kunye zokuziphatha yaso. "Inkulumo kwi eliphezulu Konstantinova Isipho" (1440) yenza isiseko inkolelo kwisicatshulwa yonqulo eyaziwa womgunyathi. Uninzi imisebenzi philologist zapapashwa a imisebenzi eqokelelwe ngowe-1592 e Venice.

zokuziphatha

Eyokuqala imbali "On Free Uya" ibhalwe iincwadi ezintathu njenge polylogue phakathi Leonardo UBruni (Arentino), Antonio Beccadelli kunye Nikkolo Nikkoli nabalungileyo kakhulu. Arentino ithi ukuba kuqala kuyimfuneko ukuze siphile ngokuvisisana nendalo. Bekkadelli ixhasa Epicureanism, besithi sithintelo kuchasene nemvelo, nokuba nomnqweno iziyolo kufuneka Akunqatyelwa kuphela ukuba uphazamisane ukuphunyezwa kumnandi ngakumbi. Niccoli silindelwe zombini izithethi, evakalisa entandweni Christian Hedonism, njengoko apho kulungileyo kakhulu - ulonwabo olungunaphakade obukhoyo kuphela Dynamics (ngamanye amazwi, indlela eya ulonwabo - oku ulonwabo). Niccoli wabiza uphumeleleyo kwimpikiswano, kodwa Bekkadelli ukhokela ingxoxo liciko ukuba umbono wakhe - ngokuba akukacaci ukuba yeyiphi disputants wayezixhasa noLorenzo Valla. Lo mbhalo iqulethe ukugxeka ngxwaba scholasticism, nangokuthobeka kwentliziyo emishini, yaye ke ngoko ngokuba sengqondo kanye nobudlova kakhulu ukuya umbhali.

stylistics latin

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesine nabantu baqalisa ukufunda iitekisi yamandulo weklasiki, ezama ukuba ndibuye ndiphilise umoya lwamaGrike namaRoma. Lorenzo Valla, nobuntu sayo siboniswe imisebenzi yakhe ebalulekileyo, wabeka kakhulu umgudu kumsebenzi ngaphambili "malunga ubuhle ulwimi Latin" apho ngokuhlalutywa iintlobo igrama Latin, kunye nemithetho zesimbo kunye nemithetho inokusebenza. Kulo msebenzi Valla ngokungafaniyo indlela ocacileyo ngababhali bamandulo (ezifana uCicero Quintilian) okuthile ephakathi neecawa Latin.

Uninzi ababephila Valley, eyaziwa amanani zoncwadi, wathabatha lo msebenzi ukugxekwa buqu, nangona philologist akazange ayikhankanye amagama athile ezincwadini zakhe. Ngenxa yoku, noLorenzo Valla wayenze ezininzi ziintshaba, kodwa isincoko "Kwi ubuhle ..." liqalise intshukumo ngenxa yokuphucula indlela Latin. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, umsebenzi wakhe kubaluleke kakhulu; emva kwinkulungwane elinesihlanu, bakude ngaphambi kwexesha baza bakhonza njengesiseko sokuphuhlisa bulumko ezinkulu ezintsha kunye nobuchule zoncwadi.