SVD (ingathengwa): isici. Abalibona ibanga SVD

Sniper ingathengwa SVD 7,62 yasungulwa ngo-1958-1963 phantsi kwephiko abayili Soviet Dragunova E. F. Kuyinto isixhobo semi-automatic, isixhobo isekelwe amandla iigesi powder alahlwa evela yazala piston igesi.

Izicatshulwa ezivela Soviet Military Encyclopedia

Seva baqeqeshiwe izandla, ngubani na wayesazi ubuchule ukuzifihla, lokuqaphela kunye marksmanship; akwazi ukubetha i ekujoliswe kunye shot yokuqala. Ngokusesikweni, le sharpshooters yokuqala ukuvela kwi British Army ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Eyona njongo iphambili yale Fighters kukuba ukutshabalalisa ehamba ebalulekileyo, evulekileyo, mazivele ekujoliswe single efake. Kusenokuba seva utshaba, babebukele, amagosa kunye nabanye enxulumene. Le shooter yambethe umpu mayixhotyiswe umpu okhethekileyo. Nomlilo ukuba ukhetha kwaye ixhobisa isikhundla efihlakeleyo. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi II, onke amaqela ukuba yongquzulwano exhobileyo ezisasazwa seva efakwe uqeqesho lwalo kumisa izikolo ezizodwa ukubamba iintlanganiso kunye nezifundo. Kwi-USSR, idatha nobunzima ekufundeni ubugcisa kwathiwa intshukumo sabona. Ukongeza, le nto iye yaba yinto igama indlu ngenxa baba eyaziwa ngokuba sharpshooters eyama zokudubula kunye netanki nemikhosi.

zokuzenzela sniper bexhotyiswe izinto zokukhanyisa, nto leyo ephucula ukuchana ejolise nokubonelela esweni entle na bume. Kuba zokudubula ebusuku kwi isixhobo enyusiweyo izinto ngombono ebusuku , okanye ziquka i izibane grid optical. Kude kube ekuqaleni-imi- 60 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela eSoviet Army akazange ezizodwa sniper afohlela, kwaye asetyenziswe 'Mosin' afohlela isampula 1891/30, kodwa iindlela yemfazwe zitshintshile, yaye amava edlulileyo weziphithiphithi wengingqi ukucwangcisa yeemfuno kwityala sabona. Ngenxa yoko, kwinqanaba entsha kuphuhliso olu hlobo izixhobo. Ngoku sisungule yaye eyenziwe phantsi imiyalelo ezizodwa zonke izinto ukususela iCartridge kunye emehlweni enombala kwaye awugqibe nge umpu.

Imbali kwendalo lokuqala sabona umbayimbayi eSoviet

Ngowe-1958, i-USSR Ministry of Defence wakhupha iimfuno yamacebo bobugcisa ukuze uphuhliso afohlela sniper semi-automatic 7,62. Eyona okhuphisana iphambili kolu khuphiswano waba Izhevsk umyili Dragunov E. F. kunye Kovrov ingcibi Konstantinov A. Ukongeza, iisampulu zabo zingeniswe Simonov SG & D Iqela Kalashnikov MT thaca lo umfuniselo Dragunov umpu la-58 ayikwazanga lokuqala "ihlangane" kwi imiqathango engqongqo ebekwe yi emkhosini, emva koko kwabakho imodeli elungisiweyo NE-61. Emva iimvavanyo lokuthelekisa AMAGQABAZA ▸ Konstantinov kunye Dragunov yenza isigqibo malunga yokwamkela iprojekthi Dragunov. Ngenxa yoko, SVD umpu, iimpawu ehlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno, wangena force sele ngowe-1963, phantsi 6V1 isimboli.

Zonke izinto inceda ...

Development emthethweni omtsha umpu lwenziwa yi-Research Institute №61 Sabelnikov V. M., Sazonov PF kunye Dvoryaninov VN Le iCartridge kunye imbumbulu kokuba engundoqo sentsimbi, owamkelwa kwiminyaka emine emva shotgun kakhulu ( ngo-1967) yaye 7N1 index. Kuba uphuhliso emehlweni woqondo PSO-1 waphendula iinjineli Soviet Ovchinnikov VI kunye Glyzov L. A. Technology ngqo lokuvelisa umphanda le umpu eziphuhliswe Samoylov I. A. amaninzi ehleba ukhankanye ukufana AK iinkqubo SVD, ukuba uqaphele ukuba babe phantse twatse yokuZenzekelayo kunye nokususwa yeegesi powder ukusuka umphanda ngesikrotyana icala, lokuvala umjelo ngokuvula shutter kunye sokunqika ukhuseleko non-ezisebenzelayo kabini-esebenza. Ngaphezu koko, indlela aqala isando ngokumila efanayo ye mainspring. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ezinye iziqalelo ziye abolekwe AK, kodwa SVD umpu, kungekhona umatshini ikopi, inkqubo ezimeleyo, kunye nobungqina zoku iimpawu kwesi sixhobo, apho siya khona ngezantsi.

umahluko umdla Dragunov afohlela, ezinxulumene i "sabona" ", iinjongo

Makhe sijonge oko kwenza umahluko kukuba inkqubo isixhobo ezimeleyo. SVD-ingathengwa evulwa carrier akukho kudityaniswe piston gas leyo (kwakunye uthengisa) ilungiselelwe njenge icandelo elahlukileyo nengxelo yayo emthonjeni. Kwenziwa indawo eqala emva inkunkuma izakhelo. motion ezenzekelayo i ibolile kwi intshukumo ezilandelelanayo ungamalungu ngamnye. Ngenxa yoko, oku kukhokelela ekwandeni ixesha lokuphendula womatshini nokunciphisa ubunzima ngokupheleleyo iindawo ezihamba kunye. Lo mgaqo kuphucula olugudileyo kwamanzi esizenzekelayo smoothes nomthwalo idaleka. Ukongeza, ibandla kukho irhasi somlawuli gas kufuneka ukuba ilingane indlela self-ukulayisha ukusebenza phantsi kweemeko ezinzima yokusebenza.

mechanism shutter

Uqale-sesango umbayimbayi mayixhotyiswe isixhobo eye lugs ezintathu macala. Oku kwenza inkqubo yokuvala zikwazi ngakumbi, kodwa kunciphisa engile ukujikeleza lo mshini. yokubamba egcwalisekayo ebekwe kwicala lasekunene kwaye abunjwe integrally kunye kwisakhelo kwisilayidi. Ukudityaniswa kwalo isakhiwo esikhulu kunye shutter ukukhanya esikwaziyo ukunikeza nokusebenza ethembekileyo kakhulu.

Isixhobo kubangela

USM Le sniper umbayimbayi ibandla kwi kwikhabhinethi eyahlukileyo, oko liyakwazi ukunika umlilo enye kuphela. Into yokuqala lo mshini ukusebenzisa 'umnyele (ukongeza umsebenzi wayo ophambili) njengoko kubhenca disconnector kunye adubule ezotyhalo. lever ukhuseleko Non-automatic kuvuliwe iibhloko liyanqwenela kunye senyanga, kwakunye esigquma ofunda ephuma kwisamkeli.

Bed and asebenza SVD

SVD-ingathengwa unalo nenotshi iimpawu kwi ndandisisigculelo ukuba usiko yayo ngaphambili iyinxalenye siyinqobe ngompu. Framework imilo ikuvumela ukugcina isixhobo kunye ngesandla sakhe sasekhohlo, ekwenzeni ukudubula kunye engetelekeke. Kwi ndandisisigculelo nga udityaniswe "esidleleni 'asuswayo ezingalawulwayo kunye nesiphelo-mbi. Isiphelo-ngaphambi ukhandwa iipleyiti ezimbini macala somthi, apho babe kwiindawo zokubeka kuba ngcono sokwehlisa umpu. Zokubhala zixhotyiswe nge spring-imvelaphi inyuselwa khona ukuze ingongoma inkxaso bhokisi ophezu ezimanyeneyo umphanda. Ngenxa yoko, imigudu ukunika umpu ngesandla inkxaso, aluchaphazeli iziphumo ukudubula. Ukongeza, xa zobude stem okubangelwa amalahle kunye shot, zengalo ihamba phambili umganyana; ekubeni iimeko azibandakanya akatshintshi, ngoko akukho ukubana le kuthiwa-yee-yokudibanela. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo, SVD (ifoto, kweli nqaku, sibonisa izixhobo ingqalelo) ivavanywa izigaba ezininzi ngokwala maxesha. Ngenxa yoko, i buttstock somthi kunye handguard zatshintshwa ucwecwe elaminethiweyo, a ukuguqulwa mihla iza umhlana ngeplastiki neepleyiti zeglasi ifayibha ngakumbi polyamide emnyama. Ezi nguqu kwanciphisa ubunzima SVD.

ezakhiwe ngayo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, ubungakanani SVD ngu 7,62h53. ingathengwa Ukutya eyenziwe idyokhwe kabini-metal ibhokisi kwicandelo detachable ezimilise ogama umthamo neekhatriji ezilishumi. Abayili kufuneka ingqalelo indawo evenkileni ukuze kumbindi nondiliseko sixhobo yabekwa phezu kwayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa emthethweni inamalunga nafuthe yentsalela umpu, yaye ngenxa yoko ke ukududulelwa komndilili indawo mpembelelo. Kuba zokudubula evela sompu wasebenzisa Dragunova, ngaphandle iCartridge ekhethekileyo 7N1 kwakhona umpu iCartridge 57-H-223 kunye imbumbulu ezilula kunye 7T2 tracer bullet, kwaye 7B3 kunye nesigxina weentonga lihlaba sigade kunye nabanye.

izixhobo ezisebenzisa

Reticle SVD PSO-1 ulwando oluphindwe-ezine entsimini umbono we-6%. Kuye mayixhotyiswe hood Cyber kunye eyecups yerabha olukhuselayo. Reticle abe isikwere ephambili, eyenzelwe zokudubula umgama ngeekhilomitha ukuya ku mnye, ngokunjalo extra - 1.1, 1.2 no-1.3 km - kwaye isikali kwezilungiso osecaleni. Ngaphezu koko, PCP-1 ibonelela isikali rangefinder usebenzisa uluhlu abalibona SVD ibonelela ubude ekujoliswe ka-1.7 m (figure ngokupheleleyo-ubude babantu) Ukuchaneka kweemitha ezingama-50. Isixhobo Reticle Ukukhanyisa sisebenzisa ibhetri kufakwa kwi-gumbi ekhethekileyo izindlu. Xa ngokukhanya ze kwipleyiti ezibengezelayo ifakiwe, hlolo olo lunokukhangela izinto imithombo infrared. Njengoko isixhobo kwezixhobo ezisetyenziselwa abangabancedani - emehlweni kwicandelo zibalwa uluhlu 1.2 km kunye emehlweni adjustable ngaphambili. PSO-1 ngokukhanya walungiselela isiseko ekudalweni kwintsapho izinto, kubandakanywa i-PSO-1 M2. Abalibona uluhlu SVD kunye nale modeli na kuluhlu ukusuka km 0.1 ukuya 1.3. Ngowe-1989, kwakukho amatsha izixhobo 1P21. Le optic SVD umntu ukukhulisa ratio ezahlukeneyo ukususela-3 ukuya ku 9, lentsimi yayo imbono 6 °, ngokulandelelana 11 '- 2 ° 23'. Ukongeza, ifowuni ivumela ukusetyenziswa reticle ukhanyiso ngolawulo ukukhanya.

SVD rifle-: iimpawu izixhobo

Ubude lilonke isixhobo ngaphandle onencula ka-1225 mm ubude komgqomo - 620 mm. Weight ne lowu ntli mavonelo woqondo - 4,52 kg. ICartridge - 7,62h53. Yokuqala bullet Velocity yi 830 m / s. Izinga Ukulwa - 30 rounds ngomzuzu (kakhulu nemiphumo emihle, kuthathelwa ingqalelo indlela ukudutyulwa olunye kuphela kwi SVD sniper umbayimbayi). Adubula uluhlu nge emehlweni owawusisibonakude laliziimitha 1300, yaye kunye isixhobo ngomatshini - 1200 eemitha. umthamo Magazine - 10 rounds.

isimiso ukusebenza

isixhobo Zenzekelayo isebenza kumgaqo nokususa iigesi propellant enokutsha ngesikrotyana ekhethekileyo umphanda. Ukutshixa ngokuvula indlela lock i ebalwa. Umahluko omkhulu kwizenzo wesekethe njengoko Kalashnikov ukuba iCartridge rammer kwakhona isetyenziswa lugs ezongezelelweyo (kumqolo wesithathu). Oku akuvumelekanga, ngaphandle bujikwe Ubukhulu ezinqamlezayo ye shutter kunye engile ujikelezo, malunga amaxesha nesiqingatha ukwandisa lugs ndawo. Ngenxa yoko, le zezikhonkwane abathathu kwisigxina ozinzileyo kakhulu womatshini, ezingenakulinganiswa kuchaphazela ukwanda ngokuchaneka lomlilo. Xa adubula inxalenye ngeegesi propellant ezilandela bullet ngokusebenzisa umhlathi igesi eludongeni umphanda aqukuqela kwigumbi igesi kunye koomatshini eludongeni ngaphambili piston. Ngenxa yoko, i-piston kunye ibhola kwaye isakhelo isilayidi kulahlwa kwindawo ngasemva.

Kweli nqanaba, ukuvulwa yazala, kwasiso kwizicatshulwa emkhonweni ukusuka egumbini Ukubatywa oko yomfumani. Emva koko, isakhelo isango Oluma ukubuya kwentwasahlobo ngepaint, oko kukuthi ubeka ukukhululwa webutho oluzenzekelayo. Ngaphezu koko, phantsi amanyathelo balo matshinana wokubuyiswa zonke izinto zolwakhiwo zibuyiselwa kwindawo yokuqala ngaphambili. Xa shutter iya kuthunyelwa iCartridge elandelayo egumbini ngumnini kwaye locks yazala, ethole othwala ususa kubhenca kunye cocking aqala timer kwaye icwangcisa cocked yayo. Ukutshixa esangweni channel umphanda ngokuvula ukuba ekhohlo kunye lugs sentlalo kwi ezingontsingontsini yomfumani.

Ukuze wenze wadubula elandelayo, ukukhulula uze tsala adubule. Emva kokukhululwa intonga yakhe imenza ukuba indawo ngaphambili kunye ikhonkco yayo ivele phezu kubhenca. Ngokunqakraza kwi hook i hook iyajikeleza kubhenca, ngaloo ndlela disconnects cocked kwaye adubule. Le yokugqibela, phantsi yintshukumo mainspring lijikeleza phezu axis yayo kwaye pin ukudutyulwa, leyo eshenxela kwindawo phambili kwaye uvelisa waphula philisi. Wokhela umxube propellant iCartridge, kunye shot. Xa shot yokugqibela luyenziwa, shutter ukuba kubuyiswe kwaye umnini feeder i uthatha stop shutter. Yena uphumle kwaye isakhelo zokumisa kwindawo ngasemva. Sisebenza notolo uphawu kufuneka ukuba kwakhona ukulayisha umpu.

ingqiqo nokusetyenziswa

To-yokulwa ngezandla ukuya IRS ingalungiswa uhlobo umgangatho onencula (6x4). Nangona olu phawu kwi umpu sniper kunqabile kakhulu kwaye akunakwenzeka kuyimfuneko. Noko ke, asimele silibale ukuba isixhobo wadalwa njenge izixhobo units elincane, kwaye inyanzelekile ukuba ukubonelela isicelo kwayo melee.

Ngokubanzi, uyilo IRS, iimpawu zazo kakhulu yayintle, yaba usebenze kuhle kakhulu phakathi jikelele lupwa sabona neemfuno. Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba le uwise uyilo lokuqala umkhosi izixhobo apho iimpawu izixhobo zemidlalo kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Kuba-imi- 60-70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, i SVD kukho ukuchaneka eliphezulu kakhulu. Amava isixelela ukuba lo sompu arhabaxa iithagethi kumgama ngenkankulu ubonwe ukuya kwiimitha 800. SVD uluhlu iinjongo ezifana "imilo ubambo" (50x50 cm) ukuya kutsho kwiimitha 600 yaye "intloko ngesazobe" (25x30 cm) - mitha 300.

Battle udumo

midlalo ephezulu, le umpu sniper ezifunyenwe ngethuba ngquzulwano zomkhosi e Afghanistan kunye Chechnya. Oku kungenxa yokuba umthamo ephakamileyo SVD, ogama iimpawu kuvunyelwa ukuba umlilo ezichanekileyo ezintabeni. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho uhlobo olunye wokulwa ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle inxaxheba ebonakalayo seva, ngoko olu hlobo isixhobo lwahlala kwaye kusoloko kukho imfuneko.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ulungiso ezahlukeneyo SVD yabhalwa yimikhosi kumazwe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha elinesibini. iinketho ezahlukeneyo zakhutshwa eTshayina, Iraq, Romania. Ukongeza, bayahlelwa womzekelo wethu abonisa izixhobo sniping, lokuzingela zemidlalo nokuxabisana. Emva zonke zakhiwe ngokusebenzisa amava lokudubula umpu kwezemidlalo SVD ibe nempembelelo enkulu kwaye ke uye wasebenza njengesiseko uthotho afohlela wokuzingela efana "Bear", "uTiger" kunye OC-18.

SVD sniper ingathengwa: ixabiso

abazingeli makhwelo ukucela ukuba bakwazi ukuthenga izixhobo zemfazwe, ingakumbi umpu SVD, njengoko kuzingela. Noko ke, umthetho Russian lithintela yokuthengiswa SVD zibe nobunini babucala. Ukanti kukho isisombululo: isityalo Izhevsk uvelisa kuhlaziywe ii-iikopi yokuqala ukulwa umbayimbayi Dragunov shot kunye nolondolozo. Ngenxa yoko, nawuphi na umntu onomdla ukuze uthenge ikopi yale mveliso ngokungqinelana neemfuno Interior Ubulungiseleli ngezifo kwi imida ezichazwe ukujika kwenkonzo kunye nezixhobo yomphakathi. Noko ke, ngoko nangoko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umfundi - olu tshintsho aluchaphazeli ukusebenza kunye nokubalulwa le umpu. Ngegama layo phambili KO, gama elo elithetha "zokuzingela". Ixabiso SVD ngu 62 lamawaka engange. Ukuba umzingeli akuthethi sijike ixabiso eliphezulu, uya kufumana ethembakeleyo, enamandla, ixesha-kuvavanywa isixhobo olukhulu, oluya simkhonze ngokuthembeka nawuphi na unyaka omnye.

Ekuphetheni

Dragunov sniper ingathengwa lubonise nje isixhobo esinamandla kwaye zithembekile, iminyaka emininzi bahlala iingalo yindlela engcono zidityanisiwe. Nakuba kunjalo, utshintsho, ubunzima kunye nokwandiswa zemisebenzi zomkhosi ukwandisa ekufuneka isonjululwe sompu kwiimbambano mihla, kufuneka uphuhliso lwenkqubo ngokudubula entsha kunye ukudubula ngqo ngcono kakhulu, kwakunye ngenjongo yokwandisa angqalileyo ngakumbi. Enyanisweni, i-IRS hayi ikuqhuma sompu ngengqiqo mihla kwekota, injongo yayo engundoqo kukunyusa uluhlu olusebenzayo abacimi mlilo ezinenjini amaqela umpu (ukuya kuthi ngeemitha ezili-600). Kwaye oko ziyilelwe ukuba zinike inkxaso umlilo eziyimfuneko (ukucinezela amanqaku badubula). Kule meko, SVD yaye akuyomfuneko ukuba uluhlu nokuchaneka afohlela sniper mihla. Ngoko ke, nangona ikhumbula inkonzo umpu ezintsha iinkqubo enamandla ngakumbi, lo zomkhosi Musa ukungxama bangayeki, kwaye ukusuka ziyahlonelwa kubonakele kumadabi. Umzekelo, imikhosi ezizodwa afohlela sniper ukuba zawo ngenxa 8,61 mm kunye nezahlulo ezinenjini uqhubeka ukusebenzisa SVD.