U-Salvatore Riina (Toto Riina) ngu-mafia wase-Italiya we-Sicilian. Ubomi bobugebengu bukaSalvatore Riina

USalvatore "Toto" uRiina ukususela ngowe-1970 waza wada wabanjwa ngo-1993 wayengumphathi wezindlu ze-mafia kwisixeko saseSicilian saseCorleone. Wayeyaziwa njengomntu onobukrakra nolunenkohlakalo, obizwa ngokuba yiBilor kuphela. URiina ngexesha lakhe wayebhekwa njenge-capo del capi yamaSicilian mafia kwaye wayebandakanyeka ngaphezu kwewaka.

Umlimi wase Corleone

USalvatore Riina wazalelwa eKorleone ngoNovemba 16, 1930. Nangona wayeselula, wajoyina iqela le-mafia lendawo, elawulwa ngugqirha wendawo ohlonishwayo, uMichele Navarre.

Ubomi bobugebengu bukaToto Riina lwaqala ngokungena kwinqwelana, inhloko yayo yayinguLuciano Leggio. Ngo-1949, uToto wathola amagosa okubulala umntu ogama linguDomenico DeMateo; Yayiyindoda yakhe yokuqala. Ngenxa yolu lwaphulo-mthetho, uSalvatore wabanjwa waza waboshwa iminyaka engama-6.

Emva kokushiya entolongweni, wabuyela kwidolophana yakhe yakudala waza wenza ukukhwabanisa ugqabi, ukuba imfuyo kunye nokuphanga. Ngaloo minyaka, ama-bandits avela kwiinkcubeko ezicebileyo kunye neempembelelo ezibizwa ngokuba ngamalungu eqela laseLedge "abalimi." Le nickname yayingumthandi kuwo wonke umntu owake wathetha. Phakathi no-1950, uLuciano Leggio kunye neqela lakhe baxhomekeke kakhulu kumphathi omkhulu uMichele Navarre. Phakathi kwabo, ukuxhatshazeka kwanda, kwaye uNararre wagqiba ekubeni aqede "u-lieutenant" ovukelayo. Ehlotyeni ka-1958, kwenziwa inzame yokubulala i-Lego, owodwa owavutha umsindo wakhe.

Kwiiveki ezimbalwa emva kokuzama ukuphumelela, uLuciano Legjo nabantu bakhe babuyela. Inqaba yababulali yayiquka uSalvatore Riina noBernardo Provenzano. Ngomhla ka-Agasti 2, 1958, i-Navarre kunye nomnye ugqirha wagxotha ekhaya xa bebethelwa ngumlilo ngomshini-mlilo. Imoto yayigcwele izibhamu, nto leyo eyabangela ukufa kweNararra kunye nomlingane wakhe. Kwiiveki ezilandelayo kunye neenyanga, abantu abaninzi abazinikezelekileyo baseNararre babhujiswa, kwaye uLejo wathatha indlu yaseCorleone phantsi kolawulo lwakhe.

"Corleonezi" ekhokelwa yiLleggio

Abameli beqela elivela eCorleone baqanjwa njengezigebengu ezikhohlakeleyo, babulala bonke ababemi endleleni yabo. Amapolisa agxininise ukunyuka kobundlobongela kwaye wabalwa umntu onoxanduva lokuchitha igazi. Kungekudala, uRiina, Provenzano kunye neLego babekwa uluhlu olufunwayo. Ngeli xesha elifanayo, uLojojo wajoyina abalandeli bakaSalvatore Greco, owayekhokela imfazwe no-Angelo Barber, inkokeli yesakhiwo se-mafia. Ezi ziganeko zehla kwimbali njengeMfazwe Yokuqala yeSicilian Mafia. NgoDisemba 1962, ngomyalelo kaBarber, uCalcedonio Di Pisa wabulawa, owasolwa ngokuba i-heroin evela kwiqela elenzelwe ukuthumela eNew York. Ephendula, uGroco walela ukubulawa kukaSalvatore Barber. Ukubulala kwada kwada kwada ngo-1963, xa uAbbrain Barbera wabanjwa. Nangona kunjalo, le mfazwe yanyanzelela urhulumente ukuba ahlele ukulungiswa okukhulu kummandla we-mafia, ngenxa yokokuba abantu abangamakhulu abantu baboshwa. Ngo-1964, uLejo noRiina bavalelwa, kodwa bakwazi ukusongela ama-jurors kunye namangqina. Emva kancinane, uRiin wakhululwa waza wabuyela phantsi. Kwiminyaka engama-23 eyalandelayo wahlala engummoya.

Ngo-1969, xa uLejo ephuma, ezininzi zatshintshile kwisakhiwo seMafia. I-copula, eyakhiwe ngo-1957 nguJoseph Bonanno, ngeli xesha yayiquka amalungu amathathu okuqala: uGaetano Badalamenti, uStefano Bontade noLuciano Legjo. Kwiintlanganiso esikhundleni sokuba umphathi wakhe wayehlala ekhona isekela lakhe uSalvatore Riina. Ngaloo nyaka, ukubulawa kukaMichele Cavatayo, owayengumalungu we-copula kunye nenkokeli yendlu ka-Aquascant, yahlelwa. Omnye wababulali wakhe nguRiina. Emva koko, amaqhawe aseKorleone awandise amandla abo ePalermo, ephakathi kwendawo yamafiya aseSicilian.

UMatanza, ngo-1981-1983

Efihliweyo eMilan, uLedjo wabanjwa ngowe-1974 emva kokuba amapolisa athathe uphicotho lweefowuni yakhe. Ngaphandle kwintolongo, waqhubeka nokuphatha imicimbi yakhe ngoToto Riina noBernardo Provenzano, ophakathi kwamadoda aseMafiosi ayebizwa ngokuba yiLe belve, okanye "iilwanyana zasendle." U-Riina waqala ukuhlanganisana nabantu baseSicily ukuze abhubhise abathandana naye. Phakathi kwalaba baphikisana kwakuyi-copula uGaetano Badalamenti noStefano Bontade, kunye noSalvatore Incerillo noTommaso Bushetta. Imfazwe yesibili ye-mafia idla ngokuba yi-Mattanza, igama lokuloba i-tuna kwiSicily. I-catalyst yokukhula kobundlobongela kwakususwa kweGaetano Badalamenti ukusuka kwintloko yentloko yamaSicilian. URiina wamangalela uBalamalamenti wokwabiwa kwemali ekuthengiseni iziyobisi, ngenxa yolu hlobo lokugqibela olufunekayo eMelika. Esinye isizathu sokuqhambuka kwemfazwe kwakukubulawa kukaGiuseppe DiCristina, umlingane kaSalvatore Incerillo. Kwacaca ukuba uRiina wayejolise ekuthinjweni kwamandla aphezulu kwi-mafia yaseSicilian kunye nokulawula ngokupheleleyo ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi.

Ngo-1980, uTomaso Bushetta washiya entolongweni waza waya eBrazil ukuba angabandakanyeki kwimfazwe. Emva konyaka, uStefano Bontade wabulawa, kunye nezinye iiveki ezimbini emva koko, wadutshulwa ngu-Intserillo. Ngaloo ndlela, iintshaba ezinkulu ze-Corleone zapheliswa. Nangona kunjalo, uRiina akazange ayeke apho kwaye ahlale ebulala zonke izihlobo kunye nabahlobo. Umzekelo, uSalvatore Contorno walahlekelwa ngamalungu angama-35 osapho. Ngenxa yoko, uSicilian Mafiosi Kontorno wayeyika ubomi bakhe bonke waza wagqiba kwelohlobo oluphela lempindezelo, waba ngufakazi wesigqeba.

I-Cadaveri eccelenti (i-Luminous Corpses)

Njengoko i-"Corleonezas" ifumane amandla kunye nobutyebi, ukukwazi kwabo ukuphazamisa urhulumente kwanda. Iipolitiki zidla ngokusebenzisana namafiya, kwaye abo banqabileyo bayasuswa ngokukhawuleza. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-1971 umshushisi uPietro Scallione wabulawa emva kokutyelela ingcwaba lomfazi wakhe. Wayekufutshane noVito Chanchimino, oza kuba ngumbongameli wasePalermo kwaye uya kuqhuba imiyalelo kaRiina. NgoSeptemba 1982, i-mafia yabonisa kwakhona ukuba inokususa nawuphi na umntu, kwaye akayi kufumana nantoni na. UCarlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, umphathi waseNtaliyane owayeseSicily, wazingelwa ukuba alandele uMafiosi aze agqibe uMatanza. Emva koko, akukho mntu waqhayisa iingxaki kubaphuli-mthetho kwaze kwafika uGiovanni Falcone. Ekuqaleni, akazange afumane uncedo kubalingane bakhe, kuba bonke babesaba ukubulawa yi-mafia. Emva kwexesha elithile, i-mafiosi enkulu uTomaso Bushetta wanquma ukunikela ubungqina bokusola "uCoroneonezi", owabulala zonke izihlobo zakhe.

UBushetta wayengomnye wabameli abakhulu baphathelene nolwaphulo-mthetho ohlangene owake wafaka ubungqina; Ufumene iinkcukacha ezininzi zangaphakathi zomsebenzi weefia kwaye wabhekisela kubantu abaninzi ababandakanyekayo kuMatanza. Ngombulelo obuninzi beenkcukacha ezifunyenweyo, ngo-1986 i-Falcone yakwazi ukuzisa ityala kwiintlanganiso phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwetyala, amapolisa alandelelanisa iMafiosi eninzi ukuba aphendule. Nangona kunjalo uToto Riina kunye noSekela lakhe uBernardo Provenzano bahlala ngokubanzi. UBushetta waba ngububungqina obukhulu kwaye wathumela amaninzi amakhoboka akhe endala-ezandleni kunye neentshaba entolongweni. Emva kwetyala u-Falcone waqonda ukuba wayesengozini, kwaye wachitha iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela ejikelezwe ngabalindi.

Ukubulawa kwe Falcone

Ngo-1992, uSalvatore Riina wakwazi ukufikelela kwi-Falcone. Umyalelo wokutshatyalaliswa kwawo wanikezwa uGivanni Brusca, ongowomdala waseMafia kunye nokuzinikela kumphathi wakhe. Ngo-Meyi 23, 1992, uBotka kunye namadoda akhe atyala ibhobho kwelinye lamacandelo e-ehamba phambili eya kwisikhululo se-Palermo. U-Falcone nomkakhe bahamba kwiFiat ekhusekileyo, kunye neepolisa eziliqela. UBruska namadoda akhe babelinde kude kwindlela. Babelinde ixesha elifanelekileyo kwaye, xa imoto yeFalcone isondela kwibhokhwe, iholele isixhobo esiqhumayo kwisenzo. Iimoto eziliqela zachithwa, kuquka i-Falcone imoto, kunye necandelo elikhulu lomgwaqo. I-Falconet, umfazi kunye namapolisa amathathu afela kwangoko. Emva koko, uRiina wayejolise ekubhubhiseni uPaolo Borsellino. Kwinyanga nje kamva uBorsellino wabulawa ecaleni kwendlu yakhe ngenxa yokuqhuma kweemoto ezincinci. Ukufa kwala mabini amalungelo omntu kubathukuthelise abantu, abakhathele ukunyamezela ubudlova obungapheliyo kunye noloyiko oluqhubekayo lwabaqhwaba baseCorleone.

Ukubanjwa nokuvalelwa

Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lwabantu, i-carabinieri kwafuneka yenze yonke imizamo yokubamba uToto Riina. NgoJanuwari 15, 1993, wabanjwa ngokukhawuleza kwisitrato, wakhupha emotweni yakhe. Endaweni apho uToto ebika umqhubi wakhe, uBaldassare Di Maggio. Bathi ngethuba lokubanjwa, uRiina wamemeza kwi-carabinieri: i-Communist! Enkundleni uToto wathi unengxelo-mali engenacala kwaye akazi ukuba yiyiphi inkunzi efunwa kakhulu e-Italy kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo. Kungekudala iindaba zokubanjwa kweRin zavela kumaphephandaba. Kwamangalisa ukuba intloko yeMafia yayihlala yonke le minyaka ePalermo, eyayingakaze ibonwe okanye ichongwe. Ngowe-1974, wachitha ixesha lokutshatyalaliswa kwakhe eVenice, kwaye akukho mntu wayazi malunga nalo. Inokwenzeka ukuba, abantu babengazange baqaphele indlela awayekhathalele ngayo iminyaka emininzi.

URiina wayesele egwetyelwe ukungabikho kokugwetyelwa kwezigwebo zobomi ezimbini kwiintlawulo zamacala angaphezu kwe-100, kuquka ukubulawa kukaGiovanni Falcone noPaolo Borsellino. Ngo-1998, wagwetywa isigwebo esithile somntu ngenxa yokubulala uSalvo Lim, upolitiki okhohlakeleyo kunye noCoroneonezi. Okwangoku, u-Don Corleone "wehlulekile" uToto Riina useburhulumenteni entolongweni yaseburhulumenteni eSardinia. Ngo-2003, kwaxelwa ukuba ngoMeyi noDisemba wahlushwa iintliziyo ezimbini.

Ifa likaSalvatore Riina

Emva kokuhamba kweToto, uBernardo Provenzano uthathe iinqongo. Ngaphantsi kobunkokeli bakhe, i-mafia yaba nokuzola, kwaye ulwalamlo lwancipha kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, u-Provenzano wayengumbulali, kwaye amapolisa ayemkhangela. Kwakuphela ngo-2006 ukuba wabanjwa.

UGivanvan noGiuseppe Riiina, oonyana bakaToto Riin, ababenokuba ngaba ngumzekelo wokuba balingise umzekelo, kodwa balandelwa ezinyathelweni zikayise kwaye bathotywa ngamacala athile olwaphulo-mthetho. Inzala kaRicina inenani elikhulu leepropati kulo lonke iSicily, kodwa emva kokubanjwa kwentloko yentsapho, urhulumente wathabatha kakhulu. I-Villa, eyayiyisiphephelo sayo sokugqibela, wathuthela kuMbutho uPippino Impastato (uPeppino Impashato bonke ubomi bakhe banobudlelwane bokulwa namafiya kwaye wabulawa ngo-1978). Enye i-villa ngo-1997 yanikwa ukusetyenziswa koluntu kwaye yaba liziko.

UToto Riina usacinga ukuba nguyena wabasebenzi abanobuqili nabakhohlakeleyo.