Ucalulo kwezakhiwo: imimiselo

Ngokupheleleyo zonke izinto ezo kuphela kule projekthi sele bakhiwe okanye eziqhutywayo, zingahlulwa zibe ezimbini iintlobo, izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Izakhiwo ekuthiwa isakhiwo emhlabeni, nto leyo izindlu amagumbi uqeqesho, ukuzonwabisa, umsebenzi, njalo njalo. Ngu zithinteli zichongwe izakhiwo zobugcisa: iibhulorho, imibhobho, imibhobho, amadama kunye nabanye. Ukuhlelwa izakhiwo, izakhiwo, izakhiwo wehlelwa kujonge izinto.

izakhiwo industrial

Ngenxa yoko, isakhiwo yahlulwe ngamaqela amabini aphambili - yoluntu kunye nezoshishino. Ngu zequmrhu ziquka:

• lokuvelisa;
• nemfuyo;
• amandla;
• kubekwa;
• into eluncedo.

izakhiwo Civil bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amabini - zokuhlala kunye noluntu.

izakhiwo zokuhlala

Asinto nzima ukuba baqashele ukuba apha ubekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo ukuze abantu bahlale kuwo, ezizezi:

• izakhiwo zokuhlala;
• zokulala;
• iihotele;
• okuhlalwa;
• kumakhaya abalupheleyo.

izakhiwo zentlalo

• Izibonelelo noqeqesho;
• izakhiwo ofisi;
• izibonelelo kunye neendawo kwimo yempilo;
• nokwenzela izinto ezemidlalo;
• kwiiklabhu, zokutyela njalo-njalo;
• iindawo zokuthenga, okutya kunye nomthengi kwiinkonzo zoluntu;
• izithuthi;
• izindlu kunye neenkonzo yoluntu;
• izakhiwo nemiba ngemiba kunye nezakhiwo.

Kukho Ulwahlulo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Ezona mpawu ezifunekayo zokusebenza ziyaphunyezwa ngoncedo yezalathi zobugcisa, ukusetyenziswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokwakha khowudi (isniphu). Olu xwebhu usebenzisa iintlobo yokuhlelwa bezakhiwo ngokohlobo. iqhosha ukubuyekeza.

ngezigaba eziphilayo

1. Inani imigangatho. Xa liseka inani zisuke: emoyeni, zobugcisa, imbala phantsi (kodwa ke ukuba isakhiwo eso ibekwe ngaphezu phakathi uphawu ucwangciso komhlaba hayi ngaphantsi kwe-2 meters).

• inani elincinane imigangatho - ukuphakama izakhiwo ukuya imigangatho-2;
• avareji yenani imigangatho - 3 ukuya imigangatho 5;
• landa inani imigangatho - 6 ukuya imigangatho 9;
• ningi - 10 ukuya imigangatho-25;
• izakhiwo ezinemigangatho - ukususela 26 imigangatho ngentla.

2. izinto ezithi zenziwe ezindongeni:

• Stone (ngezitena okanye ilitye zendalo);
• eziphathekayo (ilitye nemvelo, iibhloko eziphathekayo);
• eziphathekayo;
• metal;
• emthini.

3. Ukuhlelwa izakhiwo ngokutsho indlela yokwakha:

• amacandelo amancinci ubungakanani (le miba eyakhayo izakhiwo, ezo liyanyikima kwisiza sokwakha usebenzisa izixhobo ezincinci okanye ngesandla);
• lwamacandelo ezinkulu-ubungakanani (kuba ufakelo ezi zinto usebenzisa milenge ezinkulu kunye noomatshini);
• Monolithic (advance wenza umxube ikhonkrithi obekwe kwi ukungunda ngqo kwi kwindawo yokwakha, apho kukho Ukuqinisa wayo).

4. ukuba somelele;

• I - ithuba ukusebenza iminyaka eli-100;
• II - ukususela-50 ukuya kwiminyaka eli-100;
• III - ukususela-50 ukuya kwengama-20;
• IV - up iminyaka engama-20 (izakhiwo okwethutyana).

5. ikhona:

• Udidi loku-1 - isakhiwo, nako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno landa. Izakhiwo eziphambili kwisixeko ngesithuba presumptive yokusebenza iminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 (izitishi, iimyuziyam, zemiboniso, amaziko enkcubeko). Oku kwakhona kuquka izakhiwo ezizodwa ngokubaluleka zesizwe kunye ubomi iminyaka engaphezu kwama-100 (Kristu uMsindisi Cathedral, yesicelo Palace of ngeenkongolo , njalo-njalo. D.).
• KwiBanga lesi-2 - isakhiwo, nako ukuhlangabezana avareji iimfuno. zokwakha Kuku, nto leyo sisiseko sophuhliso mzi, kukho nexesha presumptive yokusebenza elingekho ngaphantsi kwe-50 iminyaka (izakhiwo ofisi, iihotele, multi-ezinemigangatho Izakhiwo zokuhlala).
• udidi lwesithathu - isakhiwo ukuba ikwazi ukukhawulelana neemfuno naphakathi kwaye yehlise (izakhiwo ezilula kunye nokusebenza eyinkunzi asezantsi ixesha presumptive engama-25 ukuya ku-50).
• grade 4 - isakhiwo iimfuneko ezikwizinga elisezantsi.

Kuxhomekeka iklasi ezikhethiweyo izinto zokwakha kunye zokwakha. Yofakelo ekupheleni ophezulu-of Iizilebhu eliyinjubaqa strong kunye nexesha-eqinisekisiwe kwaye izixhobo bayakwazi ukubonelela ukusetyenziswa ziyalungiswa kwaye ixesha elide ngaphandle ukulungiswa rhoqo.

Ucalulo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo ingozi yomlilo

Zonke izakhiwo kwi ingozi umlilo yahlulwa ibe ziindidi. Eli candelo ixhomekeka kuhlobo isicelo lwesakhiwo kunye nendlela ngokhuseleko kubemi kwimeko lomlilo busengozini. Sithabathela ingqalelo ubudala, imeko komzimba, amathuba yokuba imo bubuthongo, uhlobo lwesakhiwo esisiseko ezisebenzayo kunye namandla awo.

Ucalulo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo:

• F1 - isakhiwo lochaziweyo ukuhlala okwethutyana ngabemi (izifundo, umsebenzi, iihotele, ukutya, njl) kwakunye yokuhlala isigxina.
• F2 - isithuba imisebenzi yenkcubeko.
• F3 - yokwakha ishishini iinkonzo zabemi '(iivenkile, ukutya, kwizikhululo zikaloliwe, izibhedlele, iposi, iibhanki, njalo njalo).
• F4 - Isakhiwo ekujongwe ukuba zophando lwezenzululwazi, amaziko emfundo, ulawulo isakhiwo, isebe umlilo.
• F5 - kwezakhiwo kunye namaziko ngenjongo zoshishino okanye yokugcina, noovimba. Imveliso yempahla izibonelelo, kubandakanywa iilebhu kunye zocweyo izakhiwo iiklasi F1, F2, F3 kunye F4, F5 baza kufakwa kudidi iklasi.

Ukuhlelwa kubaluleke kakhulu kwezakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. amalungiselelo Basic ukhuseleko emlilweni isicelo iimfuno zolawulo efuna bakhutshwe ngobungxamo abaviwa xa ngomlilo.

Ucalulo izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo iyawulwa umlilo

Umgangatho yokwakha sibangelwa ukungqubana ukumelana nomlilo wabo, ngawo ukuthini ixesha emva koko xa lomlilo kukho enye kwezalathisi ezintathu:

• obvalivanie zilala phezu;
• imbonakalo kwisilingi ziqhekeza okanye imingxunya (iigesi yokutsha ufake emagumbini ezimelene) ;
• zokufudumeza le ekubhalwe kumaqondo obushushu aba bandiqumbisayo umlilo okhawulezileyo zemathiriyeli kumagumbi ezikufutshane (140-220S).

Ukukwazi wokwakha imigangatho luphawulwa kwasemlilweni-ukuxhathisa rating. Iintlobo iyawulwa umlilo kwezakhiwo:

• I - kunye nezigqeba ngamatye (engangenwa).
• II - kunye nezigqeba ngamatye (nonflammable kunye nonflammable).
• III - kunye nezigqeba ngamatye (nonflammable, nonflammable zivuthe).
• IV - zazityatyekwa kweenkuni.
• V - ukhuni zisindwe.

umda umlilo:

• izitena yodongwe - 5 h;
• izitena silicate - 5 h;
• slab eziphathekayo - Iiyure ezi-4 (lwahlukane kwenzeka ngenxa yobukho kuhlanganiselo amanzi kwi-8%);
• iinkuni kunye ukutyabeka udaka - 1 h min 15;
• intsimbi - imizuzu engama-20 (1100-1200S - metal uba ductile);
• ucango lwangaphambili ufakwa nelangatye unyango nekudodobalisa - iyure e-1.

ikhonkrithi misindo, izitena umngxuma abe ukuxhathisa eliphezulu emlilweni. Ubuncinane ukumelana nomlilo umgubasi iye bako ufakelo otyhidiweyo, kwaye ubuninzi - okugunyaziswe eziphathekayo.