Ezabo atomic: ububi jikelele, okanye ilikhubalo lokunyanga iimfazwe ehlabathini?

Imbali izixhobo zenyukliya iqala kunye kwesayensi Jacques Curie ngo-1939. Ke oosonzululwazi waqonda ukuba indlela chain abanye ingase sikhatshwe kuphuma amandla ngokudlul. Kamva yaba sisiseko izixhobo zenyukliya.

Ezabo atomic i isixhobo nempukane. Xa inkqubo dubulo yona ikhutshwa isixa esikhulu amandla kwindawo encinci ukuba ezayo emhlabeni iingcangcazela seismic kwenzeka.

Imiba echaphazela izixhobo zenyukliya: a iliza olomeleleyo othukile, ubushushu, ukukhanya, ionizing imitha, kwakunye enamandla ukubetha electromagnetic. Ezabo atomic kwenziwa ngokususela neplutoniyam. Kwakhona, kusetyenziswa le uranium.

Ibhombu yeathom saphuhliswa kwaye yavavanywa abaseMelika July 16, 1945 kwidolophu Almogordo. Lalibonisa ihlabathi amandla sidwelise izixhobo zenyukliya. Emva koko, ngo-Agasti ka nyaka, izixhobo ezitsha kusetyenziswa olujoliswe ebantwini e iHiroshima Nagasaki. imizi Japanese zaye Baphantse ukundigqibela ingabikho ebusweni bomhlaba ngamaza omsindo, kwaye nabasindileyo kuqhuma abemi bafa kamva ekuguleni kwimitha. ukufa kwabo kwaba buhlungu elide. Ukusetyenziswa kwe US izixhobo zenyukliya kwabangelwa hayi kakhulu banyanzelekile wamajoni, njengoko injongo ukoyikisa eSoviet Union isixhobo esitsha. Enyanisweni, aphawula ekuqaleni IMfazwe kunye iingalo nobuhlanga.

Stalin ngokufanelekileyo kunjalo kakuhle nealam ekhalayo,, akazange sinikezele kuyena. Yonke imikhosi eli lizwe baphoswe nokudalwa "impendulo macala" - izixhobo zenyukliya Soviet. Ikomiti ad hoc phantsi kobunkokheli L. Beria yamiselwa kuphuhliso wayo, eziquka izikhanyiso ezinjalo kwinzululwazi njengoko I. Kurchatov, Kapitsa kunye Joffe. Kuthinjwa amaxwebhu German of Bulgarian iidipozithi uranium ezikumgangatho ophezulu ziye zanceda ukuqinisekisa projekthi kwamafutha enyukliya, kunye nobukrelekrele ngexesha malunga US izixhobo zenyukliya uphuhliso olukhawulezisiweyo kakhulu.

Ulwazi yiSoviet Union aza ekuphuhliseni ukuqhushumba enyukliya, wenza i US elilawulayo umnqweno elite ukuba Kunokusuka imfazwe zifo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho isicwangciso yaphuhliswa i "seTrojan" ngazo ukuba athathe inyathelo emkhosini ezicwangcisiweyo-1 Januwari 1950. Ngelo xesha, iUnited States sele waba 300 enyukliya. Isicwangciso ebizwa ukuba kutshatyalaliswe imizi engamashumi asixhenxe ezinkulu Soviet.

Nangona kunjalo, i eSoviet Union azibethe bahlaseli. Ngowe-1949, ngoAgasti 29, iye yavavanywa ngempumelelo ibhombu atom kwi kwisiza uvavanyo yiSoviet e Semipalatinsk. Le fowuni, leyo wayizalela igama ikhowudi "RDS-1", uye phantsi ngentsimbi yesi-7. Esi siganeko wazisiwe ehlabathini. uvavanyo ngempumelelo izixhobo zenyukliya 1949 walitshitshisa amacebo baseMerika wahlaselwa eSoviet Union ngenxa isisongelo ukuziphindezela. Ngapha koko, ngoku ukuba yiSoviet Union kwaba ezabo atom baphela bodwa zenyukliya eUnited States. " A, isigaba esitsha esebenzayo ye Cold War.

iibhombu zenyukliya eSoviet unawo amandla kilotons-22 kuphela. Ngoku izixhobo emikhulu mbawula athwale megatons zamandla etshabalalisayo. Uluntu uye wadala sixhobo entshabalalo, kodwa ubukho kwezixhobo ezinjalo umgcina ukusuka iimfazwe elitsha ihlabathi.