Ukufikelela isivumelwano: inkqubo yokuphetha nawokusiphelisa

I-Russian Civil Code ivumela amaziko oshishino ukungena okanye ukunika kubaxumi bayo isivumelwano naziphi. Ezi izivumelwano luphawulwa eziliqela iimpawu, ngokwembono ukuyilwa ngesakhiwo, umxholo kunye izicelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ubudlelwane. ukufikelela isivumelwano - Zinjalo ubudlelwane zorhwebo. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka sisekelwe phezu kwemimiselo weKhowudi Civil, kwaye oko kubaluleke kakhulu - ubunyani unyanzeliso. Ziziphi iimpawu iikhontrakthi adhesion, ngokwemiqathango kuthelekiswa nezinye iindidi izivumelwano phantsi Civil Code of the Russian Federation? Njengokuba kubhaliwe ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zikawonke ushishino?

Yintoni kakuhle eli isivumelwano adhesion?

Ngokungqinelana kunye namalungiselelo Art. 428 of the Code Civil isivumelwano ngokudibana - isivumelwano phakathi kwezolimo, imigaqo leyo ichazwe ngu omnye kubo kwiimo okanye iintlobo ezithile standardised, ngoxa iqabane lakhe bangazibandakanya izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo, ngaphandle umnikelo nayiphi na imiqathango inxalenye yawo.

Isivumelwano icala eqhotyoshelwe kwisivumelwano, linokufuna ukurhoxiswa okanye ukulungiswa, ukuba amalungiselelo alo, ndayihluthwa amalungelo kwiqumrhu, leyo luxhaphakile olu hlobo izivumelwano okanye ngaphandle liqabane onoxanduva njengokutyhoboza izibophelelo ezithile.

Ingabonakala isivumelwano naziphi? A isampuli yale xwebhu - kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi.

Kulo mzekelo, cinga umzekelo isivumelwano kubonelelo ngeenkonzo kwezothutho emoyeni.

Kukho ezinye ubuqili ekutolikeni isivumelwano ethathelwa ingqalelo. Igama elithi "ikhontrakthi adhesion" Inokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Enyanisweni, kuzo zonke iimeko, oko phantsi kolawulo Code Civil. Kodwa ke iintlobo zesi sivumelwano kuba nzima kakhulu.

Kukho, ingakumbi uqhagamshelwano isivumelwano ukuya grid - njengesivumelwano phakathi umthengisi lombane kunye nomthengi (ngokuqhelekileyo ngobume iqumrhu elisemthethweni). Kodwa kukho iqela iimpawu ezifana ngazo zonke iintlobo ezifanelekileyo izivumelwano. Makhe sifunde kubo.

Iimpawu eqale isivumelwano

njani ukuqinisekisa ukuba isivumelwano othile kufuneka lichazwe kwimvumelwano umbuzo?

imeko olugunyazisiweyo apho isivumelwano iza kuchazwa kwesibophelelo adhesion - ukuthobela imiqathango ezo zichazwe kwizibonelelo Art. 428 of the Code Civil.

Ngoko ke, ukuba inkampani ngokunikezela iimpahla okanye ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo, ukucela amaqabane ayo ukugqiba isivumelwano, enyanisweni, ngaba zingathathi naliphi na uhlengahlengiso, ngoko waphawula isibaluli kwilungu kumxholo kwekhontrakthi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusayinwa zesivumelwano esikhoyo ibandakanya familiarization kunye contract form adhesion, nekufuneka zibe kuphela ukwenza ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukuchonga ngomxholo kobudlelwane.

Enye kwingongoma ebalulekileyo - ubukho kwemigangatho yangaphakathi wobambiswano ekwenzeni isivumelwano ekuthethwa kwinkqubo yolawulo yenkampani, amahlakani ungene phantsi apho amaxwebhu. Enye indlela yokuba siqinise ngokokwemigangatho kunokwenzeka - umxholo ngezivumelwano ezinjalo, leyo bayamenywa ukuba ukugqiba namanye amaqabane. Ukuba inkampani ifumana phandle ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano umniki adhesion ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo - ukuba xa kuthe ubunzima kobudlelane oko ukubala ekupheleni kwekhontrakthi njengoko yokuhlutha amalungelo akhe.

imvumelwano uqhagamshelo zinganikezelwa kuluhlu olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo ezahlukeneyo. Ke zonke iikhontrakthi uhlobo olufanelekileyo idibanisa iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo. Kwakhona uwachaze:

• ukuba ukuzimisela of ngokwemigaqo yokuthenga elinye kuphela wamalungu ayo;
• kufuna emgangathweni okanye isicelo iifom ekupheleni kwekhontrakthi ekuthethwa ngaso;
• kuvumelekile ukuba cinga engena kwikhontrakthi kuphela ukuba lusayinwe ngawo omabini amaqela ku yingisela.

Inkqubo ukungena kwimvumelwano subscription

Ngokusekelwe iimpawu ummiselo osemthethweni ngobume kwezivumelwano uxhulumaniso, uyakwazi ukuchaza inani kujonge izinto eziphambili okuluphawu inkqubo isiphelo sabo.

Ngenxa yoko, isivumelwano ngokudibana luxwebhu:

• mayisayinwe imigangatho, ngokufuthi - kunye ukusetyenziswa kweefomu;
• uphazamisa amalungelo beqela ovumayo ukuba balusayine olu xwebhu;
• Oku kuthetha kukwamkelwa ngokupheleleyo iimeko kwezolimo, nto leyo yaphakanyiswa kuqala yinkampani, nto leyo eye wakhupha kwemvumelwano yamkhulula (okanye ithunyelwe iqabane ngasese).

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo esiphelweni kuthetha ukubambelela ngamaqela iikhrayitheriya zomthetho kwaphawulwa ukulungiswa kunye nokusayinwa xwebhu.

Qaphela ukuba ngethuba zokunyanzeliswa komthetho iikhrayitheriya zihlolisisiwe kumana.

Njengoko sele uyazi, iimpahla yabathengi kunye neenkonzo wathengisa phantsi kwesibophelelo ukubandakanya, linokufuna wokulinganisela okanye ukurhoxiswa kwesi sivumelwano kwimeko amalungelo akhe iyolala. Kwezinye iimeko, intengiselwano ithathwa semthethweni ngenxa imiqathango yomthetho. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba, ngokomzekelo, isivumelwano akayi mayicaciswe gca umniki butyala kubathengi. Kule meko, inkqubo ngokungenela eqale ikhontrakthi sagqitywa ngokusekelwe kwiimfuno jikelele Art. 428 of the Code Civil.

zezivumelwano History eqale

eqale Treaty - isivumelwano kakhulu entsha inkqubo yomthetho i-Russian Federation. Kuye liqulathwe Code Civil ngo-1994. Kodwa kwimbali nomthetho aziwayo malunga isicelo zezivumelwano ukulawula ngenkulungwane ye-19. Oku kwakungenxa, njengoko iingcali zikholelwa, kunye nokusekwa udidi eyahlukileyo amalungelo - Lokwenziwa.

ishishini Big kuloo minyaka baqalisa ukwenza umzobo kwiifomu umgangatho izivumelwano kunye ngokwemimiselo nemigangatho kunye neemeko zezivumelwano phakathi kwezigqeba zoshishino ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuvela yezi izivumelwano ngokwezinga elithile ngenxa kokukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi kunye nokunyusa izinga lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho phakathi kwamashishini ezahlukeneyo. abadlali Economic azive efuna ukunciphisa ixesha lokuba benze izivumelwano kunye namaqabane ukuze oko nikuchithele ingxoxo lwemiba zoshishino.

Okumangalisayo kukuba, ifom esemthethweni ingqalelo (contract of adhesion), owayefuna umgca kumthetho eSoviet. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi amashishini ezininzi USSR waqukumbela izivumelwano kunye kwiimo eqhelekileyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa ixesha inciphise neendleko nezinye izibonelelo ekulungiseleleni amaxwebhu ezinjalo.

Emva ukusekwa eRashiya ubudlelwane nkulu kukho imfuneko inguqu enkulu kumthetho yoluntu elawula imicimbi eqhelekileyo. Kwabonakala ke imimiselo kweKhowudi Civil elawula ukusayinwa yimpazamo ukulawula.

Ngubani ngokufuthi ezisayiniweyo izivumelwano eqale?

Ziziphi iifemu rhoqo ukungena kwizivumelwano ngawo? Xa umthetho Russian iikhrayitheriya apho abadlali koqoqosho kufuneka bakhokelwe kule meko, akukho mayicaciswe gca. Ukuziqhelisa, uninzi isivumelwano naziphi i waqukumbela phakathi ababoneleli umgangatho, iimpahla bulk, imisebenzi kunye neenkonzo, kunye abathengi ubume ngabanye. Oku kungenxa yokuba abemi ngokuqhelekileyo impahla ezifanelekileyo kunye neenkonzo, qho ngamathuba amiselweyo, apho kukho isizathu ngexesha ngalinye ukubeka phambili yawo umthengisi unikezele imveliso okanye inkonzo.

izivumelwano lenkampani eqhelekileyo zebhanki, ukhenketho kunye ne-inshorensi. isicelo zithandwa kakhulu ezi zivumelwano kwicandelo loshishino lwamandla yombane (kodwa zomthetho nezobudlelwane kule ndawo luphawulwa eziliqela iimpawu - siqwalasela nabo kamva kweli nqaku).

izivumelwano ukulawula izivumelwano zoluntu

Ikhontrakthi loluntu ezahlukeneyo kunye yesivumelwano adhesion? Phakathi izivumelwano ezichaphazelekayo kakhulu ezininzi esifana ngazo. Isibakala sokuba zombini uhlobo contract ubukhulu becala ukunciphisa inkululeko abemi kunye nemibutho, malunga nokuthatha inxaxheba ekumiseleni ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano. isivumelwano zikaRhulumente ikhontrakthi adhesion basoloko kwimimandla efanayo - kwiintengiso ubunzima kweempahla kunye neenkonzo, izivumelwano zendaba ukuze abathengi abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke umahluko phakathi kwezivumelwano ezichaphazelekayo na obonakala kakhulu.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba isivumelwano kawonke - enyanisweni, indlela yokuqingqa nokubhalwe kwimvumelwano. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba isivumelwano ngokudibana - indlela esemthethweni ngokusayina dokumenta.Esche umahluko omnye phakathi kwale mithombo kukuba isivumelwano ukulawula na ikhontrakthi itsalwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo imo yomthetho batyalayo up. Ngenxa yoko, isivumelwano uluntu kufuneka wangena iinkampani zorhwebo ukuba enze imisebenzi ethile kawonke - uluhlu lwabo ekhuselwe kwi-Code Civil.

isivumelwano ukufikelela akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo esiphelweni kwimeko, ngaphandle kokuba umboleki iimpahla okanye iinkonzo wabeka isiginitsha yakhe ngaphantsi kwalo. Ngenxa yoko, isivumelwano oluntu kwiimeko ezininzi uthathwa njengoko zisayinwe umniki iimveliso okanye iinkonzo. Ngoko ke, ukuba umsebenzisi uya uyisayine - sivumelwano. Kuthathwa ukuba inkampani iye wanikela umthengi wayo ukuba angene kwimvumelwano yoluntu, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ngokwaneleyo phambi kokuba ngokwaphula ngokwemiqathango yesivumelwano ngokweenkcukacha. Kamva azishiye kwabo kuba yingxaki, yaye ngale ngqiqo, kumniki zesivumelwano esikhoyo ukuze zikhuseleke ngaphantsi ukusuka kwindawo ngokusemthethweni ngayo.

Enye indlela okanye omnye, kuxhaphakile kwiimvumelwano ngawo, kakhulu kunene. Isibaluli olumanyanisa kubo kukuba ukumiselwa iimeko kuqwalaselwa kwi-sikhokelo yezivumelwano kusoloko ithwala umniki kweempahla kunye neenkonzo. Oko kukuthi, engachanekanga ngokusemthethweni ukuze sicinge ukuba isivumelwano kawonke - kwangaphambili, eqale - yinto efanayo. Umboleki kufuneka bangazibandakanyi ekubumbeni imiqathango izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo.

Umngeni sivumelwano ukubusa

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga yintoni eyenza kwesibophelelo adhesion, ziziphi iimpawu zayo. Kwakhona kuya kuba luncedo ukwazi ukuba abanye babe amaqumrhu zoshishino izizathu umngeni, yaye mhlawumbi kokupheliswa kwesivumelwano efanelekileyo. Okuba zokusombulula ezi ngxaki kuya kuxhomekeka ubukhulu becala ngenjongo wokujoyina isifundo ukulawula ukuya kwisivumelwano kuthethwa.

Ngoko ke, ukuba kukho inkampani unqwenela ukuthenga isivumelwano okanye ukuba izibonelelo zokuphunyezwa msebenzi zoshishino - umzekelo, ngokuthenga igesi okanye umbane kwisivumelwano uqhagamshelwano, ukuze, xa mgaqo, ukuze umngeni isivumelwano, becaphula ukunqongophala iinkcukacha. Ntoleyo, ke, kunokuba nzima ukuphumeza-sikhokelo ifomu intra-yequmrhu okanye umgangatho apho uthathwa isivumelwano.

Ukuba isivumelwano - ukujoyina inethiwekhi, bezingahanjwa, ngandlel 'ithile uphazamisa amalungelo kwiqumrhu kwezoqoqosho, nokuba nayo umngeni, ekubeni inkqubo kuyimfuneko izibonelelo Code Civil. Umzekelo, iimeko ezinjalo kunokwenzeka ukuba, umzekelo, isivumelwano nespelete imiqathango phantsi apho umthengi iimpahla okanye izinto raw kufuneka ukuqinisekisa umgangatho ulwamkelo lwayo - ukuya kufuneka kube yinto ahambelanayo kwisivumelwano esinjalo.

Le ndlela yesibini, apho isivumelwano ukudityaniswa kwe-Code Civil ivumela ukuba siqwalasele njengemigqakhwe - ukungabikho kwisicatshulwa kwesivumelwano uluhlu eyaneleyo imisebenzi yakhe nawuphi na amaqela. Oko - ufana amalungelo ayo, ezibunjwe ikhontrakthi.

Enye ngobuwena, apho sivumelwano kuqwalaselwa ongekho - kukho iimeko, nomthwalo omkhulu kakhulu nayiphi na amaqela. Umzekelo - ubukho kwi item contract kwi ithuba ukuhlaziya iimeko ezithile unilaterally yiyo nayiphi na amaqumrhu lwezoqoqosho ukungena ulwalamano lomthetho, dockable eqale sivumelwano.

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba isivumelwano umbusi kukuthi, ingakumbi, isivumelwano phantsi apho sibonelela. Olu hlobo sivumelwano ezithile. Makhe sifunde kuyo.

izivumelwano iRetirement sokubonelela umbane: i bokuqonda

Le peculiarity kwesivumelwano uchaphazelekayo kukuba, kwelinye icala, ngaba umgaqo ngomumo ngokungqinelana kunye nendlela yokugweba ye- Art. 428 of the Code Tax, kwelinye - kunganzima ukuba abunjwe ngaphandle kokwenza utshintsho kwisivumelwano olucetywayo, apho amaqela lafikelela ubudlelwane kwisivumelwano.

Isibakala sokuba uninzi zabathengisi umbane e-Russia - bodwa zendalo, ezikhokelela umsebenzi urhwebo ukhuphiswano elincinane okanye hayi. Ngoko ke, umsebenzisi enokubakho umbane ekuvunyelwene phantse akakwazi ukukhetha umthengisi zabo phezu lentengiso ezimbalwa ukuze ufumane iimeko kangangoko ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo ngokwabo. Ngelo xesha linye isivumelwano kudityaniswa - isivumelwano obucebisa ukuba kwiimeko xa umthengi olunokubakho abonelisekanga neemeko ezicetywayo, ukuba unalo ithuba lokukhetha ezinye kuguqulelo lwe emarikeni. Yiyiphi, ukuba sithethe ngayo kwimarike Russian, kwiimeko ezininzi, engekhoyo. Kulo mzekelo, umthengi kuphela enye - ukuvelisa umbane wedwa, oku akusoloko wobugcisa kunokwenzeka, kwaye kwakhona yingxaki ukususela kwinqanaba ngenxa iindlela zomthetho (angafuna ilayisenisi okanye amanye amaxwebhu ugunyaziso, yenziwe ebunzimeni).

Ngoko ke, xa kusenziwa, isivumelwano kudityaniswa, abathengisi umbane ecetywayo, besaya kuhlengahlengiswa, yaye ngoko, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, hayi ncam ukukhawulelana nemigangatho Art. 428 of the Code Civil. Ngenxa yoko, ukusetyenziswa uqhagamshelwano kwesivumelwano phakathi umthengisi kunye nabathengi amalungiselelo umgangatho ngokuchasene nemigangatho ye-Code Civil elawula ekwenzeni iimvumelwano ubonelelo. Ngokukodwa, ngokutsho la malungiselelo, imali, umgangatho, imo yamandla, kwaye umyalelo izibalo kuba kufuneka ifakwe hayi unilaterally, kunye namacala ezifanayo. Kanti - kwaye sizimisele ngasentla, isivumelwano ukudityaniswa kwe-Code Civil umisela ukwakhiwa ukuze imigaqo ecetywayo liqela elinye akavumelani kunye nabanye.

Ngenxa imithetho kunokuba ziphikisana umthetho olawula ukuyilwa izivumelwano, kunye abemi ukujoyina imibutho kunye nabathengisi umbane, benze zokunyanzelisa umthetho ibonisa ukuba izivumelwano ezinjalo;

• kufuneka, ngokwemiqathango yemimiselo ye-Code Civil, eyayiqulunqwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo izimvo macala kubudlelwane - umthengisi kunye nkonzo, kwaye kulo mbono, kodwa musa ukuhlangabezana neenqobo lwezobuGcisa. 428 of the Code Civil;
• kodwa Baya kuma umboneleli iimeko monopolistic, yaye ngoko enyanisweni ukuthobela imiqathango Art. 428 of the Code Civil yaye, ke ngoko, ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni lwembono, le iimvumelwano ukulawula.

Ngoko ke, xa kusenziwa, abasebenzisi amandla, nesivumelwano kunye kumniki malunga neemeko ukulawula, kwiimeko ezininzi, banethuba umngeni imiqathango ethe yabekwa isivumelwano ezahlukeneyo enkundleni.

Ekubeni ingqalelo ukuba, njani na kokugqitywa ikhontrakthi adhesion kwi zomthetho nezobudlelwane kwi-sikhokelo ubonelelo lombane, ukufunda ezinye iinkalo wokutyikitywa kwezi zivumelwano kwamanye amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Phakathi ziqwempu apho ezi iimvumelwano zixhaphakile - inshorensi.

Ikhontrakthi adhesion-inshorensi: i bokuqonda

Ezi zivumelwano zikwimizekelo emininzi zixhomekeke iimeko ezifundiswa unilaterally yi insurer. Qaphela ukuba le ndlela inikwa, kunye Code Civil. isivumelwano adhesion na isivumelwano, njengoko sele uyazi, oluthi luqokelelane zomnikeli kweempahla kunye neenkonzo ezithile unilaterally, wawuhluthisa bemfuno kwisivumelwano esicamngcwe - phakathi kwe-inshorensi kunye nabathengi.

Noko ke, amaqela yobudlelwane zomthetho kwimarike insurance kwakhona bavumelane hlengiso amalungiselelo athile sivumelwano. Kulo mzekelo, oko akuyi ukufezekisa iinqobo zovavanyo zoko sokwaziwa njengalo kokudityaniswa isivumelwano - ngokungqinelana ne Art. 428 of the Code Civil.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, siye wajonga into kwesibophelelo adhesion, oko olwahlukileyo zivumelwano zoluntu. Le mvumelwano ithetha ukuba ngokusemthethweni party - mhlawumbi, oko umniki naziphi iimpahla okanye iinkonzo, usondeze nemiqathango yesivumelwano ukusayina iqumrhu kwezoqoqosho, umthengi. Naluphi na utshintsho olucetywayo yi ikontraki, le mvumelwano iya kuqinisekisa utshintsho kwi le meko zesiqhelo - umntu obandakanya ukumiselwa kwemiqathango omabini amaqela.

Kwiimeko ebekwe ngumthetho angalutshintsha mvumelwano ukuthenga okanye uphelele. Umzekelo, ukuba kuvunyiwe ukuba akukho livakale ngokwaneleyo Beka uluhlu iimpahla okanye iinkonzo yabathengi.

Umbandela sibalulekileyo ukonyulwa uxwebhu izivumelwano bazibandakanye - emgangathweni usebenzisa iindlela ukuzoba. Kwakhona enqwenelekayo ukuba imiqathango emiselwe yi-inkampani uhlobo olufanayo izisebenzi efanayo kubo bonke abathengi abangena izivumelwano kunye kwiqumrhu ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho.

Bekuthi isivumelwano jikelele uchaphazelekayo isivumelwano yoluntu. Kuqala kwinto zonke, ukuba simanyene into yokuba iimeko izixhobo zombini zigqitywa kumthengisi. ukufikelela isivumelwano ifuna ukuba isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngabo bobabini, yaye kuphela kulo mzekelo kucingwa ukuba agqitywe. isivumelwano Public, yena, uthathwa ukuba ukusebenza ngoko nangoko emva utyikityo yi kumthengi iimpahla okanye iinkonzo.

Kukho eziliqela iimpawu okuluphawu isivumelwano wombane zeteknoloji zobonelelo kwezibonelelo ezithile abadibeneyo zendalo - ezifana neenkampani eneji. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oku bangesosigxina ubani kuthiwe umbusi isivumelwano, imeko leyo ilawulwa Art. 428 of the Code Civil - isekelwe kwinto yokuba iimeko ezinjalo iimvumelwano ezinikezelwa ngabathengisi. Kodwa isekelwe kwinto yokuba iye indawo yedwa, umboleki kufuneka ukwazi ukutshintsha imiqathango yesivumelwano. Ukuba ukhetha ukuba bayisebenzise kwaye isivumelwano uya ilungiswe, uxwebhu ehambelana nako akukho kuphinda kuthathwa isivumelwano naziphi a.