Ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa yokukhanya yi athom. Imvelaphi umgca spectra

Eli nqaku inika nezimaphambili ezingundoqo ezifunekayo ukuze uqonde ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa ukukhanya athom ngayo. Kukho uchazwa ukusetyenziswa la.

Smartphones zemvelo

Umntu othe wazalwa emva 1990 kwathiwa, ubomi bakhe ngaphandle ezahlukeneyo izinto ze-elektroniki awukwazi ukunika. Smart ithatha nje kuphela ifowuni, kodwa kwenza kube lula ukujonga amazinga otshintshiselwano, ukuba transact, ukuba abize iteksi kwaye ayangqinelana oosomajukujuku ababekhwele kweso ISS, ngokusebenzisa isicelo sabo. Ngokulandelelanayo, yaye beqiqa ngabo bonke abancedisi digital nje ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa ukukhanya athom ezenza wenza kunokwenzeka era lokunciphisa zonke iintlobo izixhobo, ngoko abafundi kuya kubonakala isihloko uyadika kwizifundo physics. Kodwa eli sebe of physics oluninzi umdla yaye inika umdla.

imvelaphi senkolelo ngenxa yokuvulwa spectra

Kukho intetho ethi: ". Le ukwazi phambi kokuwa" Kodwa eli binzana kunokuba yokuba ubudlelwane engalunganga kungcono ukuba ungayingeni indaba. Ukuba, ke, bonisa ukwazi ukuya ihlabathi, akayi kwenzeka nto iphosakeleyo. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abantu baqalisa ukuqonda uhlobo ubutsalane (oko kukuthi zibhalwe kakuhle kwinkqubo kwizibalo Maxwell leyo). Umbuzo olandelayo, nto leyo eza kuvumela izazinzulu, waba isakhiwo mbandela. Kuyimfuneko ukucacisa ngokukhawuleza: kweyobunzululwazi ayikho wokunciphisa exabisekileyo kakhulu kunye nokufunxwa yokukhanya yi athom. Umgca spectra - yinto ngenxa yale meko kwaye isiseko ukufunda isakhiwo mbandela.

isakhiwo se-atom

Izazinzulu e Greece yamandulo ibonisa ukuba emarmore emhlophe, into eyenziwe eliqela ayahlukahlukenanga "atom." Kwaye ngaphambi kokuphela kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, abantu bacinga ukuba amasuntswana zincinane nto. Kodwa amava Rutherford phezu nokusasaza amasuntswana enzima phezu igolide lubonise ukuba atom odale i isakhiwo engaphakathi. abayingxenye Heavy na embindini kunye zijikeleza kakuhle ityala, electron ayisindi engalunganga ngeenxa zonke kuye.

Zango-athom ngaphakathi imfundiso Maxwell

Ezi ziphumo ziye kwavula eziphikisanayo ezininzi: njengako quadratic Maxwell, nalo naliphi na yamasuntswana ityala ihamba isenza magnetic field, ke ngoko, ulahlekelwa amandla. Kutheni, ke ngoko, electron musa mandingaweli ngumongo, baze baqhubeke ukuba uphendule? Kwakhona Akukacaci kutheni atom nganye ethintela okanye ikhuphe photons ye kwamaza ethile kuphela. theory Bohr ngayo yenza kube lula ukuba aphilise iziphene ngokufaka orbitals yi. Ngokutsho iinkolelo mbono, electron ehlabathini ngumongo ibe kuphela kwezi orbitals. Inguqu phakathi kwamazwe amabini angabamelwane uhamba ukukhutshwa okanye kukufakwa a photon ne energy ethile. Ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa ukukhanya atom kanye ngenxa yoko.

kwamaza, frequency, amandla

Somfanekiso epheleleyo ngakumbi ufuna ukuthetha kancinci ziluhlaza. Ezi amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo ukuba akukho ubunzima nakuphumla. Zikhona kuphela logama nje ezihamba kokusingqongileyo. Kodwa ubunzima usenalo: sibetha kwamanzi, ayidlulisele inhliziyo ukuba bekuya kuba nzima ngaphandle ubunzima. Nje eninzi kuwo iguqulelwa amandla, ukwenza ubuncwane apho babetha kwaye wendele, ezifudumeleyo kancinci. theory Bohr akuthethi achaze le nyaniso. Iimpawu photon kunye neempawu zokuziphatha wayo ichazwa physics quantum. Ngoko ke, lo photon - zombini yomtshangatshangiso isuntswana kunye mass. Photon, nokuba ufana nokulatyuza neneempawu zilandelayo: a ubude (λ), kumaza (ν), amandla (E). Okukhona ombala inowuthi rhoqo, kwaye asezantsi amandla.

Le spectrum atom

Le spectrum atomic amiliswe ngaphakathi kwizigaba eziliqela.

1. itshintshela Electronic kwi-atom kunye Orbital 2 (of energy) kwi-Orbital 1 (amandla ephantsi ngaphantsi).
2. isixa esithile wamandla kwiwebhsayithi, oluthi luqokelelane njenge umyinge sokukhanya (hν).
3. Le photon ke ekukhutshelwe ezithile.

Ngoko ke wafumana kunye nomgca spectrum atom. Kutheni le nto wayibiza loo ndlela, echaza uhlobo wakhe xa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo "ukubamba" i photons ephumayo ukukhanya kwisixhobo ukurekhodwa esisigxina Inani lwelayini. Ukuze ukwahlula ziluhlaza of kwamaza ezahlukeneyo, esetyenziswa diffraction amaza nesenzeko kunye ezitsho ezahlukeneyo abe index ezahlukeneyo zokunganyangeki, ngenxa yoko, baphambukile omnye ngaphezu komnye.

Iimpawu kwezinto kunye spectra

Umgca spectrum ukwimo iyodwa for uhlobo ngalunye athom. Oko kukuthi, ukukhutshwa hydrogen kukunika enye iseti lwemigca, negolide - nezinye. Le nyaniso isisiseko zokusetyenziswa spectroscopy. Ekubeni wafumana spectrum nantoni ukuqonda, umntu yintoni na into, xa athom yayo amalungiselelo xa kuthelekiswa namanye. Le ndlela ivumela wena ukuba ichaze kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo ngezinto, kaninzi usebenzisa chemistry yemvelo. Absorption kunye isidoda ukukhanya athom - ngomnye izixhobo oluqhelekilyo isifundo zehlabathi ezingqongileyo.

Ethile mhlobo spectra

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku uthi okungakumbi ngendlela atom ayikhuphi. Kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo, zonke electron abahlala orbitals yazinziswa lizama, ukuba akanasizathu ukufudukela kwamanye amazwe. Le into saliwe into, kufuneka kuqala ukufunxa amandla. Oku kuqhwalela kwacala indlela ngokuxhaphaza kukufakwa kunye ukukhutshwa atom ukukhanya. Ngokufutshane ukuthi udaba yokuqala bubushushu okanye ukukhanya, phambi kokuba ufumane olufunayo malumga. akayi kuvela Imiba, ukuba sisazinzulu ukufunda iinkwenkwezi, ngoko bagudile ngeenkqubo zangaphakathi zazo. Kodwa ukuba ufuna ukufunda iqhekeza ore okanye imveliso yokutya, ukuze ufumane kwiinkalo kuyimfuneko, kunokutshiseka. Le ndlela akusoloko kunjalo.

Ukunciphisa spectra

Mhlobo kunye nokufunxwa ukukhanya athom njengendlela "imisebenzi" kwi macala mabini. Uyakwazi mhlophe ukukhanya broadband kweziyobisi (oko kukuthi, kwelinye apho kukho photons of kwamaza ezahlukeneyo), uze ubone ukuba yintoni alitshangatshangise ubude ukufunxa. Kodwa le ndlela efanelekileyo akusoloko, qiniseka ukuba impahla sikhanya ukuba inxalenye zinqwenelekayo esikalini electromagnetic.

Uhlalutyo qualitative yokuqhubekileyo kunye neenkcukacha zamanani

Kuye kwacaca ukuba spectra ekhethekileyo into nganye. Umfundi usenokugqiba ukuba olu hlalutyo lisetyenziswa kuphela ukugqiba material yenziwe kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu kunokwenzeka kuba banzi kakhulu. inani athom ngaphakathi ayimbumba ukuzicwangcisa usebenzisa iindlela ezizodwa uviwo ububanzi kunye ukuqatshelwa ukwanda imigca onesiphumo. Ngaphezu koko, le salathisi nga iyakubonakaliswa kwiiyunithi ezahlukeneyo:

• pesenti (umzekelo, le intsila iqulethe-1% alumina);
• e zisaqala (ichithwe kule engamanzi 3 Mol sodium chloride);
• e grams (langoku kwisampulu ka-0.2 g uranium kunye thorium 0.4 grams).

Maxa wambi analysis mixed: uhlobo neenkcukacha zamanani. Kodwa ngoxa zesayensi ezinkqayiweyo ukuma imigca, kwaye zivavanywe umthunzi wabo ngoncedo iitafile ezikhethekileyo, kodwa ngoku wenza yonke le nkqubo.

Ukusebenzisa uluhlu

Sele ukuxoxwa ingenkcukacha, yintoni ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa yokukhanya yi athom. Uhlalutyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kakhulu. Akukho ndawo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba siya kuqwalaselwa isenzeko yayisetyenziswa. Nazi ezinye zazo:

1. Ekuqaleni kweli nqaku, sathetha ngayo Smartphones. izinto Silicon semiconductor baba encinane kangaka, kuquka ziikristale uphando usebenzisa Uhlalutyo.
2. Ukuba nasiphi na isehlo oko yokuvelela electron iqokobhe atom ngalinye kugqiba uhlobo esembumbulu ntoni kuqala, kutheni imoto yonakala sikhokelo okanye nenqaba nendwe, kwakunye abathile ityhefu tyhefu abantu kangakanani ixesha elichithwa emanzini.
3. Medicine wasebenzisa Uhlalutyo ukuze kulungelwe ngokufuthi ngokunxulumene iincindi zomzimba, kodwa kuyenzeka ukuba le ndlela lisetyenziswa emzimbeni.
4. iminyele ekude, amafu igesi cosmic, izijikelezi phambi iinkwenkwezi - konke oku ufundwa ukukhanya kunye nokucazululwa wayo spectra. Izazinzulu bazi ukwakhiwa ezi zinto, isantya babo, kunye neenkqubo ezithi zenzeke kuwo ngenxa yokuba sifake nokuhlalutya photons wenze okanye ukufunxa.

isikali magnetic

Ngaphezu koko, simele sinikele ingqalelo bokukhanya. Kodwa kwisikali magnetic ingxenye incinci kakhulu. Isibakala sokuba Iliso lomntu akuthethi ukulungisa ebanzi kakhulu imibala ezisixhenxe umnyama. Ngaba ihlaba kwaye ukufunxa nje kuphela photons ebonakalayo (λ = 380-780 NM), kodwa ezinye ziluhlaza. isikali magnetic kubandakanya:

1. amaza erediyo (λ = 100 km) ukudlulisela ulwazi phezu imigama emide. Ngenxa kwamaza elikhulu kunene, amandla abo liphantsi kakhulu. Ukuba kulula kakhulu ithathe.
2. Terahertz wave (λ = 1-0,1 eemilimitha) kude kube ngoku, kuba zazingafumaneki lula. Ngaphambili, uluhlu lwabo iquka amaza erediyo, kodwa ngoku ingxenye koluhlu magnetic kwabelwa kwiklasi eyahlukileyo.
3. Infrared ombala (λ = 0,74-2000 micrometers) transfer ubushushu. YoMlilo, ukukhanya, ilanga ayikhuphi kubo into eninzi.

ukukhanya ebonakalayo sihlolisise, ngoko iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga ayiyi ukubhala.

Eyingozi kwamaza (λ = 10-400 NM) ziyingozi umntu kwemfuneko, kodwa abaphumeleli lwabo ayibuyiseki umva. inkwenkwezi yethu engundoqo unika eninzi ukukhanya yelanga, kwaye koMhlaba igcina ezininzi kuyo.

-X-reyi kwaye gamma (λ <10 NM) babe noluhlu eqhelekileyo, kodwa zahluke imvelaphi. Ukuze ufumane kubo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ziye electron okanye athom ukuba sesiqhelo phezulu kakhulu. Laboratory abantu bayakwazi oko, kodwa ngokwesimo kwamandla kuphela kwenzeka iinkwenkwezi ngaphakathi, okanye yangqubana bezinto amakhulu. Umzekelo yenkqubo akwazi ukukhonza udubulo njengoko supernova, kukufakwa kwenkwenkwezi yi emngxunyeni omnyama, Ekuhlanganeni iminyele amabini kunye iminyele kunye namafu enkulu yerhasi.

amaza zonke ezintlwini, oko kukuthi ukukwazi kwabo ukhutshwe kwaye zifunxwe athom, ezisetyenziswa kumsebenzi yabantu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba umfundi ukhethe (okanye kuphela abakhethiweyo) njengoko iindlela umphefumlo wakhe, ngokuqinisekileyo nobuso iziphumo zophando ecacicleyo. Umthengisi ixhamla isitishi sokugqibela sentlawulo mihla kuba kwaoko nzulu wafunda iimpawu izinto wadala microchip. Agrarian fertilizes amasimi aqokelele izivuno eziphezulu ngoku nje kuba kanye komhlaba kufunyanwa yeqhekeza phosphorus ekrwada. Unxiba impahla eqaqambileyo kuphela kwasungulwa iidayi kwemichiza ucingisise.

Kodwa ukuba umfundi unqwenela ukudibanisa ubomi bakhe emhlabeni yesayensi, kufuneka ukufunda okuninzi ngaphezu nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kwinkqubo ukukhutshwa kunye nokufunxwa photons zokukhanya athom.