Umthetho wokuqala obizwa - kuba sisiqalo ezintweni zonke

Isifundo phando obizwa i-eneji kuzo zonke iintlobo zayo, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, uhambo amandla ukusuka kwesinye isimo ukuya kwesinye. Kwenzeka ke ukuba gama intsukaphi ngemihla ekuqaleni yophando kwinkalo yophando amandla, yaye ngelo xesha uluhlu lwe ezahlukeneyo iintlobo ze-eneji yaba zisencinci - mechanical kunye thermal. Ngenxa yoko, igama "obizwa" zibonisa kakhulu nangokuchanekileyo kakuhle eli into - nentshukumo efanayo (transfer), kwaye ukuguqulwa ubushushu kumsebenzi mechanical vice versa. Ngokuthe ngcembe ingqiqo eziphawula iinkqubo thermal: ngexa fusion, umthamo ubushushu, yaye, ekugqibeleni, iyunithi imali ubushushu - osidingayo (1772 M.Vilke). Kuya kuthatha ixesha kwaye iya yaqulunqa umthetho wokuqala obizwa, kodwa yonke into yaba sisiphumo yomsebenzi onzima babaphandi ezininzi.

Ukufunda imithetho obizwa ezinye iindibano eyamkelwe, sivumele isifundo ukubalaselisa into chaza iimpawu zayo ukuba kufundwa. Izinto zokufunda zimelwe iinkqubo okuvala inani elikhulu amasuntswana. Ukuba inkqubo uyakwazi ukubona imida umthamo othile, ibizwa ngokuba umzimba. Apha yaye kwakukho unenxaxheba enkulu kwi intshukumo thermodynamic: indlela amasuntswana laliwaphethe umthamo othile - igesi efanelekileyo. Xa inkqubo yotshintsho zamandla inkqubo thermodynamic litshintsha imo yawo, yaye ezi nguqu zichazwe yintlaninge iingqiqo - i parameters inkqubo. Ukuba parameters uthatha T iqondo lobushushu, umthamo V kunye P nengcinezelo, kwanele ukuba bawachaze nayiphi na inkqubo thermodynamic. Yonke imixokelelwano ingqalelo kuphela ukuba kuvuselele ithi. Ukusekwa lizama, umzekelo, ubushushu, - inkqubo yogqithiselo ubushushu - into ayaphola kwaye kumo into. Kulo mzekelo, inani "ahlawulwe - wafumana", njengoko umthetho wokuqala obizwa, kuya kuba njalo. Kwaye apha kukho ingxaki enkulu kukuba kangangeenkulungwane, izazinzulu isigqibo: Ukufuna nxaxheba emzimbeni amandla kunye ukuze kumiselwe indima yawo kule nkqubo.

Isiseko kwengcamango obizwa izixhobo ezi 3 umthetho. Kuthathwa ukuba umzimba ukwazi ukufunxa amandla, ukwandisa yayo yangaphakathi (umz, ukufudumeza) kunye / okanye ngenxa amandla yayo yangaphakathi ukwenza umsebenzi ukuze soyise imikhosi yangaphandle (umz, ihlaba ibhola). Ngako oko, umthetho wokuqala obizwa ithathwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: utshintsho amandla lwangaphakathi U somzimba udibaniso amandla wendele amandla Q yabo imikhosi yangaphandle A. ngokwezibalo, oku kubonakaliswa ngokusebenzisa utshintsho omncane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Du = DQ + dA (1)

Enyanisweni, lo ngowona mthetho ulawula yolondolozo amandla, sinokuthi, umthetho yobomi.

Iipropati iinkqubo thermodynamic ngokuqhelekileyo kuqwalaselwa kwi imodeli, apho eliphakathi ukusebenza kuthatha irhasi ogqibeleleyo ezinosenokuthabatha shushu kunye / okanye ukwenza ngalo umsebenzi mechanical imikhosi yangaphandle (ucinezelo - ukwanda) esebenzisa i-piston, ize enye i parameters - P uxinzelelo, umthamo V kunye nobushushu T - yinto njalo. Ukusetyenziswa komthetho yokuqala obizwa ukuba izoprotsessam ukumisela imithombo yamandla balwamkele ukulungiselela iimeko ezithile.

inkqubo Isochoric kuthetha ukuba V = nengngqi. Ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi mechanical ayifumaneki, ngokuba umthamo ayitshintshi ngokufudumeza kuphela kungandisa amandla lwangaphakathi, kwaye ke: dA = pdV = 0, kwaye kungoko du = DQ kwaye nga le yamsikela ukusukela kulaa ubudlelwane:

DQ = (m / M) * CV * DT (2)

Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo isochoric ngenxa yokonyuka lobushushu.

inkqubo Isobaric ibandakanya p = nengngqi, yaye le meko lanelisekile ukuba kulwelo ukusebenza xa itshiswa yenza umsebenzi ngomatshini, umzekelo, ukuhamba piston. Ukuba uvula ukusebenzisa intetho ngamandla obushushu, kwaye inxaki ka Mendeleev-Clapeyron, umntu lula ukufumana i ibinzana zokubala mechanical ukusebenza gas :

A = (m / M) * R * (T2 - T1) (3)

R - igesi rhoqo, kwaye kuthetha umsebenzi ukwandisa umthamo igesi isixa adla mnye, ukuba utshintsho lobushushu nganye isidanga Kelvin. Isiphelo: phantsi koqhubekeko igesi isobaric nizalise amandla zokufudumeza (2) yaye zisebenzisa yinxalenye yokukhula amandla yangaphakathi yi ulwandiso (3).

Inkqubo apho T = nengngqi, xa obizwa ngokuba isothermal. umongo wayo kukuba xa ubushushu amandla lwangaphakathi ucumkile ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi imikhosi yangaphandle preodoleniiyu. Umthetho yokuqala obizwa ngokuba izoprotsessov icebisa ukuba ukugcina ubushushu bomzimba rhoqo yamandla yayo yangaphakathi yenza ukuba ixabiso lokwenza umsebenzi ngoomatshini, kwaye kuxhomekeke utshintsho uxinzelelo. Bala ixabiso amandla ube namazwi athi:

Q = A = (m / M) * R * T * (ln (P1 / P2)).