Ubume bemagnetism kunye nobukhulu. I-Ampere yeengcamango malunga nobuhlobo bemagnetism

Kule minyaka engama-50 edlulileyo, onke amasebe enzululwazi aye aqhubela phambili. Kodwa emva kokufunda amaphephancwadi amaninzi ngokumalunga nombane kunye nomdaka, omnye unokufikelela kwisigqibo sokuba umntu unemibuzo emininzi kunokuba ikhona.

Ubume bemagnetism kunye nobukhulu

Kusobala kwaye kucace kubo bonke ukuba izinto, ziphonswe, ziwa phantsi ngokukhawuleza. Yintoni ebakhangayo? Inokuthathwa ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba bayatsalwa yimikhosi engaziwayo. Leyo mimoya yabizwa ngokuba yi-gravity. Emva komntu ngamnye onomdla ebhekene neengxabano ezininzi, ukuqikelela, ukucinga kunye nemibuzo. Uhlobo luni lwamagnetism? Ziziphi iindiza ezivuthayo? Ngenxa yoko yenziwa yiphi impembelelo? Iyintoni intsingiselo yabo, kwakunye nexesha? Ziyichaphazela njani imeko kunye nomntu ngamnye ngabanye? Ingaba le nto ingasetyenziswa njani ukuba inzuzo yempucuko?

Ingcamango yemagnetism

Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi elinesithoba, i-physicist Oersted Hans Christian yafumanisa i-magnetic field of current electricity. Oku kwenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uhlobo lwama-magnetism luhambelana ngokusondeleyo nombane wombane owenziwe ngaphakathi kweeyamu nganye. Umbuzo uvela, yiziphi izinto ezinokuthi zichaze uhlobo lomlenze womhlaba?

Okwangoku, kuye kwaqalwa ukuba izixhobo zamagneti kwizinto ezifakwe emagqabini zithwala kakhulu ngee-elektronon, eziqhubeka zijikeleza ngeenxaxhi zazo kwaye zikufutshane nomxholo we-atom ekhoyo.

Sekude kusekwa ukuba ukunyanzelisa kwee-elektronikhi yindlela yamandla kagesi, kwaye ivesi layo ibangela isizukulwana sensimu yamagnetic. Ukucwaninga le nxalenye, kunokuthi ikhutshwe ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba i-elektrononi, ngenxa yokufuduka kwayo i-atom ngaphakathi, ivelise i-intra-atomic currents, eyona nto ibangela ukuba kuvelwe umbane wamagnetic.

Kodwa yintoni isizathu sokuba izinto ezihlukeneyo zentsimi yamagnetic zinemibono ephawulekayo ngokwamandla ayo, kunye neendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokugaya umbane? Oku kubangelwa kukuba i-axes kunye neengcingo zokufuduka kwee-electron ezizimeleyo kwi-atom ziyakwazi ukuhlala kwizikhundla ezahlukileyo. Oku kukhokelela ekubeni izixhobo zamaginethi eziveliswa ngama-electron ahambayo zifumaneka kwizikhundla ezihambelanayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba umgangatho apho ummandla wamagnetic uvela khona unempembelelo ngqo kuwo, ukwandisa okanye ukonakalisa intsimi ngokwawo.

диамагнитные , а материалы, весьма слабо усиливающие магнитное поле, именуются парамагнитными . Izinto eziphathekayo ezinobunzima obunobunzima obuthathaka kwinkalo ebizwa ngokuba yi- diamagnetic , kunye nezinto ezibuthathakayo zikhupha i-magnetic field zibizwa ngokuthi i- paramagnetic .

Iimpawu zeMagnetic zezinto

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uhlobo lwemagnetism aluvelwanga nje ngowokusebenza kombane, kodwa nangenxa yamagesi angunaphakade.

Amagxolo angapheliyo angenziwa kwixabiso elincinci leMhlaba. Kodwa ku funeka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke izinto eziza kuba kwindawo ye-magnetic field, ziya kuba magnetized kwaye zibe yimithombo echanekileyo yentsimi yamandla. Ukuhlalutya oku ngasentla, kulungile ukubongeza ukuba i-vector yokufakelwa kwamagnetic kwimeko yobungqina benkalo ihluke kwi-vector yokufakelwa kwamandla ombane.

I-Ampere yeengcamango malunga nobuhlobo bemagnetism

Ulwalamano lwe-causal, oluye lwaphumela ekudibaniselweni kwamagunya ngamanqaku ombane, yafunyanwa ngu-Andre-Marie Amper osasazi waseFransi. Kodwa yintoni i-Ampere hypothesis malunga nohlobo lwemagnetism?

Imbali inemvelaphi yayo ngenxa yombono oqinileyo kwinto yenzululwazi yabona. Wabona ubungqina be-Oersted Lmier, ocinga ngentshiseko ukuba imbangela yeMagnetism yomhlaba yimizila ehamba rhoqo ngaphakathi kwihlabathi. Impembelelo ebalulekileyo kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo yenziwe: iimpawu zamagnetic zebhunga zinokuchazwa ngokuqhutyelwa kokujikeleza kwamanzi. Emva kokuba i-Ampere ifake phambili kwesi sigqibo esilandelayo: iimpawu eziphezulu zamagumbi athobileyo anqunywe yilekethe evaliweyo yamagesi ombane egeleza ngaphakathi kwawo. открытия, объяснив магнитные особенности тел. Ingxelo ye-physicist yayisenzo esinesibindi nesibindi, njengoko ewela zonke izinto ezithe zafunyanwa ngaphambili , ezichaza iimpawu zamagqabini ezithombeni.

Ukuhambisa ama-electron kunye nombane wamandla

I-hypothesis ye-Ampère ithi ngaphakathi kwe-athomu nganye kunye ne-molecule kukho inkokhelo yokuqala kunye nokujikeleza kwendawo yamandla kagesi. Kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba ukuza kusasa siyazi ukuba ii-currents ezifanayo zenziwe ngenxa yokunyakaza okuqhubekayo kunye nokuqhubekayo kwee-elektron e-atom. Ukuba iiplani ezichazwe ngokukhawuleza zihambelane ngokuhambelana nokufuduka kwamafutha kwee-molecule, iinkqubo zabo zihlawulelana kunye kwaye azikho izixhobo zamagnetic. Kwaye kwinto enezibane, imizila elula kakhulu ijolise ukwenza izenzo zabo zihambelane.

I-conjecture ye-Ampère iyakwazi ukuchaza ukuba kutheni iimfoloko kunye neefowuni zamandla kunye nombane wamandla kwi-magnetic field ziziphatha ngokufanayo. Itolo, kwakhona, kufuneka libhekwe njengezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zesekethe ezinje, ezijoliswe ngokufanayo.

Iqela elithile leempawu ze-paramagnetic, apho i-magnetic field ikhuliswa kakhulu, ibizwa ngokuba yi-ferromagnetic. Ezi zinto ziquka intsimbi, i-nickel, i-cobalt kunye ne-gadolinium (kunye ne-alloys zazo).

Kodwa indlela yokuchazela uhlobo lobungakanani bemagnet osisigxina? Amagnetic akhiwa ngama-ferromagnet kungekhona kuphela ngenxa yokuhamba kwee-elektronon, kodwa nangenxa yokunyakaza kwabo.

Ukuxhamla kwengqumbo (kwesikhawu sayo sokujikeleza) uye wafumana igama lokwakha. Ngexesha lobomi bee-electron, ii-electron zijikeleza ngeenxaxhi zazo kwaye, zineentlawulo, zenze i-field magnetic kunye nentsimi eyakhiwe ngenxa yesikhalazo sayo esingasondeli kufuphi ne-nuclei.

Ukufudumala kukaMarius Curie

температура Кюри. Ubushushu obuphezulu ngasentla apho umbane we-ferromagnet ulahlekelwa ngu-magnetization unegama lakhe elichanekileyo -ukushisa kweCurie. Emva koko, kwakungowosayensi waseFransi owenze le nto ngeli gama. Wafika kwisiphelo: ukuba kubalulekile ukutshisa into enamandla, ke uya kulahlekelwa ithuba lokutsala izinto kwi-iron.

Ii-Ferromagnethi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo

Nangona kunjalo ukuba akukho mizimba eninzi ye-ferromagnetic ehlabathini, izixhobo zazo zamagnetic zinomsebenzi obalulekileyo kunye nokubaluleka. Ingundoqo kwinkoyile eyenziwe yensimbi okanye isinyithi iphakamisa iindawo ezininzi, kodwa ayigqithisi ukusetyenziswa kwamanje kwikhoyili. Lo mzekelo unceda kakhulu ukugcina umbane. Iibhola zenziwa kuphela ngama-ferromagnet, kwaye akunandaba nokuba yintoni injongo le nxalenye isebenza.

Ukurekhoda magnetic kolwazi

Ngoxa uncedwa ngama-ferromagnet, amateyipu okuqala amaganetic kunye namafilimu amancinci amashishini aveliswayo. Amateyipu aseMagnetic asetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-sound of sound and video recording.

I-tape magnetic yiplastiki equkethe i-vinyl chloride okanye ezinye iindawo. Ngaphezulu kwayo isetyenziswe umgca, owu-magnetic varnish, oqukethe isethi yamancinci amancinci afana nesinyithi okanye enye i-ferromagnet.

Inkqubo yokurekhoda komsindo eyenziwa kwitheyipu ngokusebenzisa iindlela zee-electromagnets ezisebenza kwintsimi yamagneti ziguquka ngexesha ngexesha ngenxa yokungena kwezandi. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwetheyipu kufuphi nentloko yamagnetic, icandelo ngalinye lefilimu lenziwe ngamandla.

Ubume bokudakalisa kunye neengcinga zawo

Okokuqala, kufuneka kuphawulwe ukuba umbane kunye nemikhosi yayo iqulethwe ngaphakathi komthetho we-gravitation of universities, othi: iimbalo ezibini zithandana ngokunyanelana ngokuthe ngqo kwinqanaba lomgama phakathi kwabo.

Inzululwazi yanamhlanje yaqala ukuqwalasela ingcamango yokukhusela amandla ngokukodwa kwaye ichaza njengento eyenziwa yintsimi yokuvelisa yomhlaba ngokwawo, imvelaphi yayo, ngelanga, ingazange isungulwe yizinzulu.

Ukucaphula konke oku ngasentla, ndifuna ukuphawula ukuba yonke into ehlabathini lethu ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo, kwaye akukho mvelaphi ephawulekayo phakathi kokuvumba kunye ne-magnetism. Emva kwakho konke, ukuvumba komzimba kunomnye umlenze womhlaba, kungekhona kakhulu. KuMhlaba, awukwazi ukukrazula into ngaphandle kwendalo - i-magnetism kunye nobukhulu bemvelo buphuliwe, ezayo ekunokubangela ukuba kube nzima kakhulu ubomi bompucuko. Kubalulekile ukuvuna iziqhamo zenzululwazi ezenzululwazi zenzululwazi kwaye zilwela ukufezekiswa kwezinto ezintsha, kodwa ukusebenzisa zonke izinto ezinikeziweyo zilandela i-rationally, ngaphandle kokulimaza indalo kunye noluntu.