Ukupeyinta Flemish. ukupeyinta indlela Flemish. isikolo Flemish yokudweba

art Classical, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya iintshukumo avant-garde wanamhla, soloko uboyisa iintliziyo nabaphulaphuli. Enye mava kakhulu ecacileyo kwaye izityebi nguye nabani wadibana imisebenzi ngabapeyinti okuqala Netherlandish.

ukupeyinta Flemish luphawulwa ngokoqobo, isaqunge imibala kunye ebanzi imixholo ukuba zizalisekiswe kwi kwizifundo.

Kweli nqaku, asiyi nje ukuthetha malunga nkcukacha le meko, kodwa simazi ubuchule bokubhala, kwakunye nabameli abaninzi abadumileyo kwexesha.

yokudweba yobuciko

Imbali yokudweba zibonisa ngokupheleleyo utshintsho kubomi yentlalo nopolitiko loluntu. Ngoko ngokubenza oluye of esekelwe yamandulo emnyama enye kunye nezifundo abafileyo zamaXesha Aphakathi.

Sobuciko ( "elidala intemperate") imele Utyeshelo evela mfundiso ezindala kunye ekruqulayo. It sathatha bonke mood ngemihla kunye nesimilo ixesha.
Xa iziko yesiqwenga eso, kwakunye lonke zobuciko, yindoda. Kodwa uhlobo umfanekiso ngokuva, etyebile, okungenzeka. Kwakhona, kukho aphelele iintlobo ezintsha ezifana ubomi kunjalo, landscape, uhlobo izigcawu.

Makhe sijonge ukuba yintoni kanye na umzobo eyahlukileyo Flemish evela kwezinye iindlela Koloni.

ukupeyinta Flemish and Dutch?

Abo banomdla kwimizobo yaseYurophu, nto iyaziwa into efana umzobo Flemish. Ukuba ukhangela kule encyclopedia, sifunda ukuba Flemish - kukho abahlali EFlanders, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, i-mihla Belgium. Kodwa xa kufikwa artists zeli xesha, sibona ukuba inkoliso yabo Dutch.

Kukho umbuzo yendalo: yintoni umahluko phakathi ukupeyinta Flemish kunye Dutch? Enyanisweni, yonke ilula. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi, oko kukuthi ngowe-1579, kwiphondo lommntla yaseNetherlands akhululwa phantsi kwempembelelo isithsaba Spanish. Ngoku Holland kuye kwasekwa kule ndawo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba inkcubeko kweli lizwe entsha iqala ukukhula ngamaxabiso umxhelo. ubudala baso zange kube kudala, kwekhulu kuphela. Kodwa ke umsebenzi iinkosi ezifana uPetros Paul Rubens, Anton Van Deyk, Yakob Yordans, kunye nezinye amagcisa eziliqela, yaba nokugqama zobugcisa Dutch yesizwe. Kamva, kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo, ilizwe uqalisa nempembelelo amasiko French. Ngoko ke, akukho apho yesazisi andikwazi ukuthetha.

amagcisa Flemish ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe kusafuneka ezinye iimpawu style ukuba ahluke kuzo iinkosi Dutch kwezinye iindawo zelizwe.

Okokuqala, bebona iintshukumisa ngokucacileyo efanelekileyo ngezinto abavela, esiza kuxubusha kamva. Okwesibini, kukho Izigcawu embindini apho kungekho izigcawu wasentsomini okanye ezenkolo kunye amabali ngemihla ukususela ubomi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Ngoko ke, kubonakala ukuba umzobo Flemish - yinto kudala kakhulu kuphuhliso zobugcisa Dutch. Kodwa ke inkalo ephambili yale xesha le mibala Dutch wesizwe, impembelelo nokunga amazwe.

Ngokuboleka abavela uthotho iindlela eziza kuxoxwa ngezantsi, siye kuphela isiseko ukuyilwa kwento uhlobo olwahlukileyo, kodwa kungekhona inqubo yabo.

Impembelelo iinkosi Italian

Njengoko siza kubona kamva, imizobo Flemish kwaye Dutch yenkulungwane yeshumi, iphenjelelwa ngamandla abaculi Italian. Sikwithuba elibaluleke kakhulu luqala emva kokuba Lucas van Leyden kunye Pieter Bruegel Omdala. Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, i ababephila ngokuba "umlimi" kuba ngabalawulwa imizobo nemifanekiso zabalinganiswa.

Kodwa emva ezithile eziye zenzeka kwi imephu yezopolitiko iNetherlands, waqalisa ixesha entsha ngokupheleleyo. ukupeyinta Flemish, iyafumaneka flow eyahlukileyo, uqala uhambo lwakhe abanekratshi nexesha legolide Rubens.

Bologna School, manericheskoe ngenxa, Karavadzhizm - ezi ntsingiselo evela eItali kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Yaba ngalo mzuzu emandundu ukwaliwa ephezulu imigangatho ephakathi. Ke kaloku, kule painting beqhubeka eqala ukulawula abalinganiswa yamandulo wentsomi, izigcawu esengqiqweni kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye Dutch nangoku lifes kunye kuzingela.

Iifom omkhulu, ingqalelo iinkcukacha, abalinganiswa eqaqambileyo necacileyo, izigcawu uhlobo, enongiweyo kunye uwathandabuze aman - le yinxenye nje iimpawu obekwayo umzobo Flemish. Ingakumbi njengoko buzimisile nxamnye ngobugcisa jikelele European imiphumela yayo coloristic.

iinkosi Dutch bedlala ubuchule chiaroscuro, iphatheni yomkhosi kunye imibala eqaqambileyo kunye iindawo. Zithatha akukho imixholo eziphefumlelweyo ixesha nokuphuhlisa zibe uhlobo okanye kuziswa a burlesque. Abalinganiswa zabo ukuphila aphefumle. Siyaqhubeka aqhelane eziliqela amagcisa. Uya kubona izifundo indlela ezichazayo kwi canvases zabo.

Imbali uyazi imizekelo emininzi yokudweba, xa ubuchule kunye nesimbo umsebenzi isizukulwana esitsha lamagcisa iphenjelelwa kuphazamiseka kwezopolitiko nentlalo kuluntu. Ngoko ke, impembelelo iinkosi Italian yaba umpefumlo umoya asanda sakhululwa kwimpembelelo kontrreformatsionnogo Netherlands.

izixhobo painting

Njengoko abaphandi bathi, ubuchule yokudweba Flemish yasungulwa kuqala ngabazalwana Van Eyck. Kodwa ababhali-mbali art kugxininisa ukuba ngabafundisi abaninzi Italian kusetyenziswa ezi ndlela ezifanayo kakhulu ngaphambili. Makhe ukuya izenzakalo lobuntshatsheli, uze uthethe malunga nobuchwepheshe ngokwayo.

Nendwangu ifihle ngcina primer emhlophe ekuqaleni. Waza waphathwa ngenyameko kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba ulungile umthunzi ukukhanya emhlophe phezu umfanekiso elizayo. Ukongeza, abanye ipeyinti isicelo umaleko obhityileyo kakhulu, elikuvumela emhlabeni ukwenza isiphumo ukukhanya nanto esivela ngaphakathi.

Njengabo ezinye iindlela ezininzi ukupeyinta, Flemish uye ulandelelwano ngokucacileyo izenzo. wadala Ekuqaleni "Ibhodi" - imfano umfanekiso elizayo. Yaba isazobe rough, oko ihlatyiwe ngenaliti kubude umfanekiso kucacile. Emva kokusebenzisa amalahle umgubo preform oku ngenyameko lulungele iguqulelwe ibe sheet.

Emva kokuba kuthunyelwe mzobo nokhokelo imida yayo elizayo womfanekiso kufihla oyile okanye tempera. A maleko ubhityileyo zokwaleka ukukhanya Brown ukugcina umlinganiselo yokukhanyisa ngaphakathi.

Kwafika sigaba i "odweba kwabafileyo" (imibala ezibandayo kunye lipholi, ukuba ungabi sisizekabani nayiphi na inzala). Lize liphele inkqubo yokusebenzisa wobugcisa imibala eqaqambileyo, elityebileyo ukutsala abakhenkethi eziqhelekileyo kunye nabathandi zobugcisa academic ukususela ngoko.

amakhosi karavadzhizma

Xa XVI kunye XVII eminyaka isikolo Flemish yokudweba ivavanywa isiphumo njengohlobo ethile art yaseYurophu. Karavadzhizm - ifa inkosi Italian Mikelandzhelo De Caravaggio. Wayehlala eRoma yaye omnye ngcungela ezimbejembeje inkulu eYurophu. Abaphengululi Modern bakholelwa ukuba wegcisa umseki of ngokoqobo ku titoloveta.

Wasebenza kwi chiaroscuro ubuchule (ukukhanya-emthunzini), apho umahluko abenza iindawo ezimnyama eliqaqambileyo mfanekiso. Ibangel 'umdla into yokuba alifumaneki na umzobo Caravaggio. Wasebenza ngqo phezu imisebenzi ukhetho ophela kuyo.

Mizobo kwenkulungwane ye-17 e-Italy, Spain kunye Netherlands bayamkela uphuhliso olutsha umpefumlo umoya. Xa ndlela enjalo i AmaTaliyane wasebenza de 'Fiori kunye Gentileschi, yaseSpain Ribera, amagcisa Dutch Hendrick tru Brugghen kunye Barbyuren.
Karavadzhizm naye waba nempembelelo enkulu amanqanaba imisebenzi yeenkosi ezifana uPetros Paul Rubens, Diego Velasquez, Zhorzh De La Tour kunye Rembrandt.

Wadding karavadzhistov kuchaphazela ubunzulu kunye ingqalelo iinkcukacha. Makhe sithethe ngakumbi ngumzobi Dutch awayesebenza nalo le ndlela.

Ingcamango yokuqala wathabatha Hendrick ehsaan Brugghen. Nguye kwinkulungwane yokuqala XVII, watyelela eRoma, apho wadibana Manfredi, Gentileschi kunye Saraceni. Yaba i umDatshi waqalisa isikolo Utrecht yokudweba ngale ndlela.

Zebali babe Imizobo ngokwenene, ukuba luphawulwa kuboniswe ezihlekisayo imifanekiso ngobunono. Hendrick tru Brugghen ibonisa kuphela imizuzu eyahlukileyo yobomi wanamhla, kodwa kwakhona ukuba bahlaziye ngayo naturalism yemveli.

uphuhliso olungaphezulu esikolweni waya Honthorst. Wajika la mabali eBhayibhile, kodwa iyelenqe yakhiwe nge kwindawo yabathengi yokucingela kwenkulungwane XVII Dutch. Ngoko ke, xa ngemizobo yakhe, sibona impembelelo ngokucacileyo chiaroscuro buciko. Kusebenza phantsi kwempembelelo karavadzhistov wamngenisa kuye udumo eItali. Izigcawu zakhe loncwadi nekhandlela, kaloku igama elithi "ebusuku".

Ngokwahlukileyo esikolweni Utrecht, ngabapeyinti Flemish ezifana Rubens no Van Dyck akazange abe namandla nabaxhasi karavadzhizma. Le isimbo iphawulwa imisebenzi yabo ibe kwisigaba eyahlukileyo ukuyilwa kwesimbo lobuqu.

Adrian Brouwer noDavid Teniers

Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, epeyinta iinkosi Flemish ijongene utshintsho olubalulekileyo. Siqala ukubuyekeza yethu ngegcisa elinye kulawo Kumanqanaba kamva, xa kwakukho intshukumo kude imizobo omkhulukazi ukuya ziwuphose izifundo ekujoliswe kuzo.

Okokuqala, Brouwer kunye Teniers the Younger kwaye emva kokuba isiseko bobuchule wabeka izicaphulo kubomi bemihla ngemihla ka-Dutch zesiqhelo. Ngoko ke, Adrian, umxholo Pieter Bruegel, kukho iinguqu ezimbalwa iindlela zokubhala kunye ugqaliselo ngemizobo yakhe.

Ujonga icala kakhulu ezimbi ebomini. Valais for mizobo ukuba ufuna kwi zentselo norhatyazo nomsi kunye zokutyela. Noko ke, umfanekiso Brouwer kuchaphazela lubonakaliswa kunye nobunzulu ubuntu. Umculi kufihla abalinganiswa abaphambili enkolontyweni, ebhenca ukuba kusekho lifes yokuqala sicwangciso.

Umlo phezu umdlalo idayisi okanye amakhadi, hot ulele okanye olisela esina. Ezi zifundo nomdla ngumzobi.

Kodwa umsebenzi yakutshanje Brouwer abe elithambileyo, kufuneka uburharha uyawongamela exake abalawuleki. Ngoku canvases ziqulathe mood yentanda kwaye zibonisa abalinganiswa isantya kakhu- lonwabu.

Abaphandi bathi kwinkulungwane XVII artists Flemish ziqala ukukhula nzulu xa kuthelekiswa isizukulwana yangaphambili amagcisa. Noko ke, sibona nje utshintsho ukusuka ibinzana eqaqambileyo zifundo bangafi Rubens kunye Jordaens burlesque kubomi cwaka abalimi e Teniers the Younger.

Le yokugqibela, ingakumbi, swi nga mathuba ungakhathaliyo yamatheko lali. Wazama ukuyichazela imitshato kunye nemibhiyozo amafama ezilula. Egxininisa ngokukodwa kwiindawo zangaphandle, kwaye idealization yobomi.

Frans snyders

Njengoko Anton Van Dyck, esiza kuxubusha kamva, Frans snyders uqale ukuzilolonga Hendrik van Balen. Ukongeza, kananjalo waba yindoda emcebisayo Piter Breygel Younger.

Xa kuqwalaselwa umsebenzi yalo inkosi, sidibana kunye nenye inkalo bokuzoba, nto leyo ecebe kangaka umzobo Flemish. Snyders Imizobo akazange khangela ngathi imizobo abantu bomhla wakhe. EFransi wajika ukufumana niche nokuphuhlisa ku eziphakamileyo inkosi nanto.

Yena intle kumfanekiso namanje ukuphila kunye nezilwanyana. Njengoko opeyintayo lomculi-isilwanyana wayesoloko wamenywa amanye amagcisa, ezifana Rubens, kuba nokudalwa iinxalenye ezithile ngemisebenzi yakhe.

Xa umsebenzi Snyder ibe inguqu kancinane ukusuka lifes ngxi kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuya imifanekiso ngokuzingela ngamaxesha kamva. Ekubeni yonke ukungathandi zabantu imifanekiso yabantu kusadingeka khona phezu canvases. Njengokuba waphuma le meko?

Yinto elula, Frans Janssens ukuba udale imifanekiso abazingeli, Jordaens kunye nabanye abahlobo iinkosi guild.

Ngenxa yoko, siyabona ukuba ubuciko kwenkulungwane ye-17 eFlanders ibonakalisa kwisigaba owahlukeneyo lenguqu ukusuka ubuchule zangaphambili zengqondo. Weza njengoko Ubuthelezi eItali, kodwa usinike ihlabathi kakhulu indalo angaqhelekanga iinkosi Flemish.

Yakob Yordans

Imizobo Flemish kwinkulungwane ye-17 olwenze inkululeko enkulu xa kuthelekiswa nexesha elandulelayo. Apha ungabona nje ubomi izicaphulo ebomini, kodwa nasekuthwaseni uburharha. Ngokukodwa, Yakob Yordans ngokufuthi bavunyelwe ukuba wenze isuntswana burlesque kwimifanekiso yakhe.

Xa umsebenzi wakhe, waza wafikelela eziphakamileyo kakhulu njenge portraitist, kodwa kunjalo waba phantse intle ukudluliselwa umlinganiswa kulo mfanekiso. Ngoko ke, omnye uthotho wakhe eziphambili - "Lo mkhosi Imbotyi King" - ngokusekelwe umzekeliso iintsomi, amazwi ezithandwayo, iziqhulo kunye namazwi. Kwezi Imizobo ubonisa abaninzi, okuchwayitha, liyaphila yoluntu Dutch kwenkulungwane XVII.

Ethetha art Dutch yokudweba eli thuba, ngokufuthi siya ukhankanye igama uPetros Paul Rubens. Yaba impembelelo yakhe lwabonakala imisebenzi inkoliso yala magcisa Flemish.

Jordaens kwakhona basinde kule ngxaki. Kuba ixesha elithile wasebenza ku studio ka Rubens, ukudala nomzobo ngemizobo. Noko ke, kubonakala kungcono ukuba uYakobi ukwenza tenebrizm ubuchule kunye chiaroscuro.

Ukuba ukhangela yobuciko Jordaens, thelekisa nabo imisebenzi Peter Paul, sibona nempembelelo ecacileyo yokugqibela. Kodwa Imizobo kwaYakobi imibala ngakumbi eshushu, inkululeko kunye ukuthamba.

Peter Rubens

Ukuxoxa obukhulu yokudweba Flemish, bangabi sakhunjulwa Rubens. Peter Paul esaphila yakhe inkosi esivunyiweyo. Yena uthathwa virtuoso imixholo zonqulo wasentsomini, kodwa akukho italente ngaphantsi yobugcisa wabonakaliswa ubugcisa landscape kunye ngobude.

Wakhulela kwintsapho yawela disfavour ngenxa ezihlekisayo kayise ebutsheni bakhe. Kungekudala igama yabo ibuyiselwe emva kokufa umzali, Rubens nonina babuyela Antwerp.

Apha, lo mfana ngokukhawuleza kunokuzuza unxulumano kuyimfuneko, yenze iphepha le sisidwangube de Lyalen. Ukongezelela, uPetros uPawulos wadibana Tobias, Verhahtom Van Noort. Kodwa nempembelelo olukhethekileyo kuye mentor wanceda Otto Van Veen. Yeyona umzobi wadlala indima ekubumbeni inkosi elizayo style.

Otto asithandayo ababhali yamandulo, neentsomi, wazekelisa imisebenzi Horace, waye Connoisseur ye-Italian Renaissance. Ezi mpawu ngobuntu bakhe Van Fan yawanika igcisa abaselula.

Emva kweminyaka emine internship kwi Otto Rubens ungenisa labakhandi umbutho amagcisa, engravers kunye abakroli ngokuba "Guild of St. uLuka." Itheko, ngokutsho ngokwesithethe elide iinkosi Dutch, ibe luhambo oluya Italy. Apho uPetros uPawulos xa befunda bekhuphela obukhulu kakhulu kwexesha.

Akumangalisi ke, imizobo lamagcisa Flemish of iimpawu zayo bafana namacebo ezinye iinkosi Italian le Renaissance.

E Italy, Rubens wahlala kwaye wasebenza ukuba van'wankumi ezaziwayo nombuthi Vincenzo Gonzaga. Eli xesha labaphandi bakhe ubuchule kubiza Mantua, kuba le dolophu yathiywa igama uPetros Paul umxhasi.

Kodwa kwisihlalo sephondo kunye umnqweno ukuyisebenzisa Gonzaga akazange ungathanda Rubens. Kule leta abhale ukuba kanye nje kakuhle ukuba usebenzise Vicenzo iinkonzo ngobude seengcibi. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, umfana ufumana kubathengi kunye nemiyalelo eRoma.

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili namaRoma yaba ekupeyinteni Santa Maria e Vallicella, nesibingelelo woonongendi in Fermo.

Emva kokufa kanina, Rubens wabuyela Antwerp, apho wakhawuleza waba inkosi imivuzo ephezulu-. Umvuzo esifunyenwe kuye kwi-Brussels enkundleni, ukuba baphile ngendlela ozukileyo, ukuba kumasifundisane elikhulu, abakuqeqesho ezininzi.

Ukongezelela, uPetros uPawulos wahlala neentlobano zokwazana Order of the bamaKatolika, owanyusa ukuba xa umntwana. Ukusuka kwawo ke wamkela odolo ngaphakathi Antwerp Church of St. Karla Borromeya. Apha wenza umfundi ilungileyo - Anton Van Dyck, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini yobomi bakhe Rubens wachitha kwimisebenzi ozakuzo. Ngaphambi nje kokufa kwakhe, ethenga ipomakazi lendlu apho iesile, wayithabatha ubuhle kunye nomfanekiso wobomi Sasungulwa.

Xa umsebenzi walo mculi omkhulu nempembelelo ingakumbi titian ne Brueghel. Imisebenzi idumileyo ke imizobo "uSamson uDelila", "a hunt imvubu", "Le Udlwengulo ezintombini Leucippus".

Rubens yaba negalelo elikhulu enjalo phezu Imizobo Western yaseYurophu, ukuba ngowe-1843 kwi-Green Square e Antwerp lesikhumbuzo wavuswa kuye.

Anton Van Dyck

Le portraitist enkundleni, mongameli imixholo basentsomini kunye vukhongeri peyinta, ngumzobi lohlobo ezimbejembeje - zonke iimpawu Antona Van Dyck, umfundi intle uPetros Paul Rubens.

Ubuchule ekupeyinteni iinkosi lasekwa ngo uzilolonga Hendrik van Balen, ngubani wamnika kundinika. Yaba iminyaka echithiweyo ucweyo lo womzobi wavumela Anton ngokukhawuleza bafumane udumo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ngelo elinesine, wabhala wobugcisa wokuqala elinesihlanu wavula ivenkile yakhe yokuqala. Ngoko esemncinane Van Deyk Antwerp uba indumasi.

E elinesixhenxe Anton ukwamkela labakhandi iSt Luke, apho waba ngumfundi kwi Rubens. Iminyaka emibini (1918 no 1920), Van Deyk ubhala kwi iiplanga eni ezilishumi kaYesu Kristu kunye abalishumi Elinesibini. Namhlanje le misebenzi kwiimyuziyam ezininzi zehlabathi.

Ubugcisa yokudweba Antona Van Dyck wajolisa ngakumbi kwimixholo zonqulo. Wabhala ucweyo wakhe odumileyo Rubens Imizobo "ibekwa isithsaba 'yaye' Kiss kaYudas".

Ukususela 1621 iqala ixesha yokuhamba. Ekuqaleni, igcisa oselula ezinze eMonti, kunye King James, emva kokuhamba eItali. Ngowe-1632, Anton wabuyela eLondon, apho uCharles I uzinika knighted bakhe aze anike indawo opeyintayo wenkundla. Apha wasebenza de ekufeni kwakhe.

Imizobo zakhe Ndinibonisile kwi iimyuziyam Munich, Vienna, i Louvre Museum, Washington, New York kunye nezinye iindawo ezininzi ehlabathini lonke.

Ngoko ke, namhlanje kunye nawe, abafundi abathandekayo, baye bafunda malunga umzobo Flemish. Wena sinengcamango ngembali lasungulwa kunye ubuchule bokwenza kaMnu. Siye sadibana nalo ngokufutshane kunye nabadlali ezinkulu Dutch kwexesha.