Ukuzeyisa eziphilayo - it ... Ingcamango ukuzeyisa lweenkqubo zokuphila

Ukuzeyisa eziphilayo - yenye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo lweenkqubo eziphilayo ufakelo oluzenzekelayo kunye nenkxaso kwinqanaba elithile olufunekayo parameters eqhelekileyo yokusebenza. Kakuhle eli nkqubo kukuba akukho iimpembelelo yangaphandle bengengabo abaphathi. izinto ekhokelayo aguqula ngayo kwakheka ngaphakathi kwinkqubo self-elawula, kwaye kuza kwenza igalelo ekuyilweni lwesilinganiso olutshintshayo. Evela kule nkqubo abe sisidalwa nokungazinzi koqoqosho kwaye uqhubekeko ebunayo njengoko ukusonga okanye yokuduka kweemeko ezithile.

Self-ummiselo: ukubaluleka kwekota eziphilayo

Nayiphi na inkqubo ephilileyo, ukususela kwiseli kunye biogeocenosis nesiphelo, bajikelezwe ngaphandle imiba eyahlukeneyo. Ukutshintsha iimeko ubushushu, ukufuma akugqiba ukutya okanye interspecies liqiniswe ukhuphiswano - Imizekelo mass. Ngaloo ugqitho lwe nayiphi na inkqubo kuxhomekeke kubuchule layo ukugcina indawo rhoqo lwangaphakathi (homeostasis). Kwaba ukuphumeza injongo enjalo, kwaye kukho ukuzeyisa. Le nkcazo ibonisa ukuba utshintsho kwindawo azikho iimeko ngqo sesichengeni. Bona ziguqulwa zibe iimpawu ezibangela ukuba kungalingani ethile kwaye kungakhokelela kuqaliso iindlela ukuzeyisa ukuba inkqubo umva urhulumente ozinzileyo. Kwinqanaba ngalinye lwale ntsebenziswano Imiba ukuba ikhangeleka ngendlela eyahlukileyo, ngoko ukuze aqonde ukuba abanakuzeyisa, mabazeke, iinkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Amanqanaba mbutho lokuphila nto

nesayensi Modern ithobela ingqikelelo, njengako apho zonke izinto zendalo kunye nezentlalo ziinkqubo. Ziqulethe izinto ezahlukeneyo, gqolo ukuzibandakanya kwi eminye imithetho. Ukuphila njongo akukho ongasetyenziswayo kuyo lo mgaqo, nobona iinkqubo kunye nezikhundla zangaphakathi ze-level ezininzi yayo isakhiwo. Ngaphezu koko, isakhiwo ine- phawu umdla. inkqubo ngasinye ngaxeshanye abe lilungu kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwaye aggregate (ngamanye yonke inkqubo efanayo) amanqanaba ekwizinga eliphantsi. Umzekelo, iinkuni - nemithi element kunye nenkqubo ngaxeshanye multicellular.

Ukwenzela ukuthintela ukubhideka, eziphilayo ngokuqhelekileyo ingqalelo amanqanaba amane ezisisiseko lombutho yokuphila:

• Genetics eziphilayo;
• ontogenetic (organismal - ukusuka kwiseli abantu);
• labemi-iintlobo;
• (Inqanaba ecosystem) biogeocenotic.

iindlela ukuzeyisa

Iinkqubo ezenzeka ngalinye kula manqanaba khangela isikali ezahlukeneyo, i-eneji umthombo kunye neziphumo zayo; kodwa efanayo endalweni. Xa intliziyo zazo iindlela ezifanayo lweenkqubo ukuzeyisa. Okokuqala, yinto nendlela yokunika ingxelo. Iyafumaneka iifom ezimbini: akhabayo kunye navumelanayo. Khumbula ukuba uxhulumaniso ngqo kubandakanya ukudluliselwa kolwazi kwicandelo kwinkqubo omnye komnye, i-reverse aqukuqela kwelinye icala, ukususela yesibini ukuya kowokuqala. Ngelo xesha, ke yena kunye namanye litshintsha imo icandelo siwamkelayo umyalezo.

ingxelo entle kukhokelela ekubeni iinkqubo, leyo ingxelo kuqala element yesibini, esisigxina yaye siqhubeke ukuba wenziwe. Inkqubo efanayo ngundoqo nawuphi yokukhula kunye nophuhliso. Into yesibini uhlala ezimpondweni kuqala kwi imfuneko yokuqhubeka inkqubo efanayo. Xa le nkqubo egxobhekile ukuzinza.

The main indlela

Ngamanye isebenza ingxelo embi. Oku kukhokelela ukuvela ezintsha, isichasi apho element yokuqala yesibini ingxelo. Ngenxa yoko, wasiphula kuphela ngayo iinkqubo, ukuphazamisa lizama, kunye nenkqubo iba izinzile kwakhona. A umfanekiso elula - umsebenzi yentsimbi: iqondo lobushushu ibhaqe i umqondiso kokucima isixhobo esidala ubushushu. ingxelo okugwenxa sisiseko zonke iinkqubo kwiindleko homeostasis.

banzi

Ukuzeyisa eziphilayo - inkqubo etyhutyha zonke ezi amanqanaba. injongo yawo - ukulondoloza imali eseleyo olutshintshayo yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi. Ngenxa nobandakanyeko yenkqubo kwiziko amacandelo amaninzi kangaka nenzululwazi yendalo ukuzeyisa. Eziphilayo, le cytology, amalungu, izilwanyana kunye nezityalo eziphilayo. Ngasinye sezifundo inxaxheba kwinqanaba ngamnye. Phawula ukuba loo ukuzeyisa, kumanqanaba kuyo intlangano ubomi.

kwinqanaba intracellular

Xa kwiseli nganye ukugcina uzinzo oluzinzileyo lokusingqongileyo yangaphakathi sofuzo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu. Phakathi kwazo indima ephambili ekumiseleni yemfuza ukudlala ulawulo apho kuxhomekeke imveliso iiprothini.

Uhlobo Zijika yeenkqubo lubonakala kalula ekugqibeleni enzymatic chain kweemveliso zinganakwa. Injongo yale misebenzi baloo maqumrhwana ekusetyenzweni kwezinto ezimbaxa zibe lula. Kulo mzekelo imveliso isiphelo iyafana kubume ukuya enzyme yokuqala kwikhonkco. Le propati idlala indima ephambili ekulondolozeni homeostasis. Imveliso enebana enzyme kwaye abangaphangeliyo umsebenzi wayo ngenxa yokutshintsha enamandla lobume. Oku kwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba esingadlulanga xi anesiphelo izinto kwinqanaba kuvumelekile. Ngenxa yoko, ime inkqubo yokubola imveliso wayigqiba sisetyenziswa iseli iimfuno zaso. Emva kwexesha elithile, inqanaba izinto iwela ngaphantsi kwexabiso obuvumelekileyo. Oku umqondiso ukuqala igwele: protein olusuka kwinkqubo inhibition enzyme ime luqala phantsi kwakho.

ubuxhakaxhaka

Ukuzeyisa kwindalo lusoloko zisekelwe kumgaqo seengxelo kuthatha ngokubanzi indawo isimo efanayo. Noko ke, ngamnye kwinqanaba elilandelayo, kukho izinto ukuba nzima inkqubo. Ukuze iiseli Bonga ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo lwangaphakathi, ukugcina ixabiso ethile xi kwezinto ezahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba elilandelayo yenkqubo self-mmiselo yenzelwe ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngo eziphilayo multicellular kukho iinkqubo yonke exhasa homeostasis. Le nkqubo yokuphefumla, ulwabiwo, ukujikeleziswa kunye like. Ufundo nasekusungulweni enezityalo nezilwanyana ngokulula kwenza kucace ukuba ukuntsonkotha lwesakhiwo kunye nokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle ukuphucula indlela ukuzeyisa.

level organismal

Kungcono bume rhoqo lwangaphakathi zigcinwe esanyisayo. Njengesiseko sophuhliso ukuzeyisa kunye nokuphunyezwa kwayo - yinkqubo luvo kunye humoral. Rhoqo ukuzibandakanya, ziyayilawula iinkqubo ibakho emzimbeni, bunegalelo ekudaleni kunye nokulondolozwa lwesilinganiso olutshintshayo. Ubuchopho ifumana imiyalezo evela kwi luvo langoku emzimbeni nganye. Olu lwazi kwakhona lokwandisa evela namadlala yonyango. Ubudlelwane zommiselo luvo kunye kwamadlala kunegalelo ngokufuthi ngokutsha phantse lwephanyazo bezi nkqubo.

impendulo

ukusebenza kwenkqubo kunokubonwa ekulondolozeni uxinzelelo lwegazi. Lonke utshintsho kwesi salathisi ukufaka receptors ezithile ibekwe kwi imithambo yegazi. Ukwanda okanye ukuncipha uxinzelelo kuchaphazela ukuqina iindonga emithanjeni, imithambo yegazi. Kwaba phezu olu tshintsho baze basabela receptor. Uphawu luyasuka kwiziko semithambo, kwaye ukusuka apho ukuqhubeka 'ebonisa "of ukuba ulungise indlela isandi iimpahla kunye nentliziyo. Adityaniswe inkqubo yommiselo neurohumoral. Ngenxa yoko, xi ubuyela eqhelekileyo. Kulula ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa yenkqubo umthetho njengeqela nangoku indlela efanayo ingxelo.

Xa intloko zonke

Self-ummiselo, inkcazo uhlengahlengiso ethile kwimisebenzi lomzimba, oxhasa lonke utshintsho emzimbeni, ukusabela yayo ezenzeka ngaphandle. ukusebenza xi xi rhoqo kungakhokelela hypertrophy amalungu athile. Imizekelo yalo zenziwa izihlunu labadlali kunye nokwanda abathanda freediving ukukhanya. Ukuboniswa kwezinto xi kaninzi sisifo. Hypertrophy intliziyo - zesiganeko rhoqo kubantu unesifo ukutyeba. Lo impendulo komzimba kuzo imfuneko yokwandisa umthwalo ku nokugalela igazi.

iindlela ukuzeyisa balala isiseko kweempendulo komzimba ukuba kwenzeka xa ukoyika. Njengoko igazi iphoswe isixa esikhulu iadrenaline hormone, nto leyo ebangela inani lotshintsho: ukwanda mpilo, ukunyusa ubungakanani glucose, ukwanda izinga lentliziyo kunye nokuvuselelwa kwenkqubo musculoskeletal. Le iyonke lugcinwa ngenxa intlawulo yomsebenzi amanye amacandelo, ukucola ukwetyisa, ikhaliphe ngokwesondo shwaka.

lizama nezakhi

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba homeostasis, kulo naliphi na inqanaba ukuze zigcinwe, akukho epheleleyo. Zonke Ipharamitha bume lwangaphakathi igcinwe ngaphakathi lokuphumla elithile lwamaxabiso kunye rhoqo enyuka. Ngoko ke, sithetha lwesilinganiso enefuthe ngayo le nkqubo. Kubalulekile apha ukuba ixabiso parameter ethile akuthethi ukuwugqitha ekuthiwa nokunyuka kwipaseji, kungenjalo inkqubo unokuba zophendlo lwezifo.

Uzinzo kunye ukuzeyisa eziphilayo

Biogeocoenosis (ecosystem) iqulathe kwezakhiwo ezibini amaqhina oqhagamshelwano: biocenosis kunye biotope. Eyokuqala imele zizo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ndawo. Biotope - imiba engaphili okusingqongileyo apho biocenosis ubomi. iimeko zokusingqongileyo, rhoqo echaphazela izinto eziphilayo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela amathathu:

• neemeko zokusingqongileyo abiotic: ubushushu, ukukhanya, ukufuma kunye nezinye izinto zemvelo ezingaphiliyo;
• zasemanzini imiba yokusingqongileyo: impembelelo eziphilayo omnye komnye, ezahlulwe ukhuphiswano, ngokuncedisana, parasitism kunye Uburhamncwa;
• izinto anthropogenic yokusingqongileyo - sesichengeni abantu.

Ugcino kuthetha ntle homeostasis eziphilayo kwindawo rhoqo lwangaphandle kwaye ukutshintsha kwiimeko zangaphakathi. Biogeocoenosis ixhasa self-mmiselo ngokuyintloko isekelwe kwinkqubo unamakhonkco trophic. Basimisela chain evaliweyo noko ngayo amandla yhuu. Abavelisi (izityalo kunye hemobakterii) Beyamkele ukusuka elangeni okanye ukusuka ekudibaneni kwemichiza, ukudala nalo mbandela eziphilayo ukuba consuments atyetyisiweyo (izilwanyana ezitya izityalo, ezitya inyama, inyama nezitya) imiyalelo ezininzi ubukhulu. eziphilayo zibe kwinqanaba lokugqibela somjikelo (iintsholongwane, ezinye iintlobo ziimpethu) ukuba ukubola izinto eziphilayo zibe ngamasuntswana alo. Bona kwakhona wangena kwinkqubo ngokohlobo ukutya abalimi.

Le ukuqinisela komjikelo kuqinisekiswa yi kukuba iintlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo kwinqanaba ngalinye. Xa ilahleko nomxokelelwane abanye babo ukuba indawo kwi efanayo kwimisebenzi yabo.

isenzo ngaphandle

Ukugcina homeostasis ihamba kukungakhuseleki rhoqo ngaphandle. Ukutshintsha phakathi iimeko eziphila kukhokelela imfuneko ukunyenyisa iinkqubo zangaphakathi. Chonga neenqobo zogcinakalo ezininzi:

• High kunye elungeleleneyo amandla okuzala abantu;
• eziphilayo lithathelwe ngamnye iimeko zokusingqongileyo ukutshintsha;
• iyantlukwano eentlobo imixokelelwane ukutya branched.

Ezi meko zintathu akufaneleyo nokugcinwa kwe-ikhosistim kwimo lwesilinganiso olutshintshayo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuzeyisa level biogeocoenose eziphilayo - enomfanekiso izilwanyana, ukugcinwa nokuzinza labemi kunye neemeko zokusingqongileyo. Ngenxa yoko, njengokuba xa kwimeko ephilayo ngamnye, inkqubo intsalela ayikwazi mda.

Ingcamango ukuzeyisa kweenkqubo abahlala isasaze kuchaziwe iipateni kunye nabahlali kunye namaziko karhulumente. Luphawu kusetyenziswa imigaqo yayo kwengqondo. Enyanisweni, le yenye iingcamango ezingundoqo bezenzululwazi.