Abkhazia - Russia okanye hayi? Map of Abkhazia

I-Abkhazia lizwe elimangalisayo elinenkcubeko yokuqala kunye nembali yamandulo. Abantu abahlala kule ntsimi, biza ilizwe labo njengelilandelayo: Apsny. Ekuguquleleni, oku kuthetha "ilizwe lomphefumlo".

Indawo

I-Abkhazia kwibalazwe yehlabathi inommandla obalulekileyo kwiLwandle oluMnyama. Iyakwanda ukusuka kuMlambo wePuou ukuya kuMlambo we-Inguri. Ubude beli ngxona eliyi-paradadi langamakhulu amabini anamanci makhilomitha. Abantu abaninzi beeholide bahanjelwa kweli lizwe ngelilanga elincinci, ulwandle olumkrokra kunye nomoya wokuphulukisa weentaba. Ubume be-Abkhazia bunikela abantu nje kuphela uvuyo lobomi. Ibuyisela ulutsha kunye nempilo.

I-Abkhazia kwimephu yehlabathi iyindawo yesantla-mpuma yeCaucasus. Ilizwe lihlala kwiNgingqi yoLwandle oluMnyama. Ngasenyakatho, umda weKarachay-Cherkessia kunye neKabardino-Balkaria. Emazantsi-mpuma - ngeGeorgia, ngasentla-ntshona-kunye neKrasnodar Territory.

Intsimi ehlala yi-Abkhazia yindawo engama-8700 square kilometer. Ukususela entshonalanga ukuya empuma, ubude balo buyikhulu elinamanci mathandathu makhilomitha, ukusuka kumzantsi ukuya ngasentla-mashumi mahlanu anesine. Inkunzi ye-Abkhazia yiSixeko saseSukhum. Kwintsimi yelizwe kukho izithili ezisixhenxe, izixeko ezininzi, iidolophane ezine kunye nemizana emininzi.

Imbali

Ixesha lokuvela kombuso wase-Abkhazian ngowenkulungwane yesibhozo. Kususela kwisiqingatha sesibini se-9 c. Yaba yinxalenye yeGeorgia. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithathu, amaMongol-Tatars awanqoba i-Abkhazia. Ukususela kwiXVI leminyaka. Kwakulawulwa yiTurkey. I-Abkhazia ngaphakathi kweRashiya yaqala imbali yayo ukususela ngo-1810. Emva koMbasa we-Oktobha, umbuso waseSoviet wawuqaphela intsimi yaseGeorgia ukuya kuMlambo we-Psou. Enyanisweni, i-Abkhazia yayifakwe kule republic regando. Ngomhla kaFebruwari 25, 1921, inkululeko yaseBolshevik yenziwa eGeorgia. Ekubeni ngo-Matshi 1921, amandla aseSoviet avakaliswa e-Abkhazia. Ukususela ngoDisemba ngomnyaka ofanayo, uye waba yingxenye ye-Georgian SSR.

Kuyo yonke i-Soviet period, imeko yase-Abkhazia yayinzima. Ukuphazamiseka kwezikhulu zendawo yabemi kubonwa ngo-1957, ngo-1967 kwaye ngowe-1978. I-Abkhaz ifuna ukuhoxiswa kwiRephabligi yaseGeorgia.

Eyona nto yayisonge ngakumbi le ngxowa-mali ngo-1989. Ngomhla ka-18 Matshi, abantu base-Abkhazian bahlanganisene kwi-rally engama-30,000, apho iziphakamiso zacetyiswa ukuba zihoxiswe eGeorgia. NgoJuni 1989, ukuxabana kwegazi kunye neGeorgians kwenzeka eSukhumi. Bakhokelela ekufeni kwabalishumi elinesibhozo. Ingxabano yazinziswa ngabasemagunyeni.

Imfazwe yaseGeorgia

Ngomhla ka-Agasti 25, 1990, iBhunga eliPhezulu le-Abkhazia lamkela isimemezelo sokongamo. Ukugqithiswa kweimeko zezopolitiko kwenzeka ngokusungulwa kwemikhosi yaseGeorgia kwintsimi yase-Abkhazia. Ngo-1992, iBhunga eliPhezulu le-Abkhazia lazisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko okwamkelwa ngo-1978. Umgaqo-siseko we-1925 waqatshelwa. Oku kwakungaqatshelwa yiGeorgia. Ngendlela efanayo, imfazwe yase-Abkhazia yayivuliwe. Ngethuba lokulwa, iinqwelo zokulwa, ukukhwela kunye nezinye izixhobo zazisetyenziswa.

Ukuseka ukulawulwa kwintsimi yayo, kunye nokugcina ingqibelelo yelizwe, iinjongo ezilandelwa yiGeorgia. I-Abkhazia inqwenela ukwandisa amalungelo okuzimela kwayo, kunye nokufumana ukuzimela.
Ekupheleni konyaka we-1992, imfazwe yaqala ukuba yinto echasayo. Akukho namnye amaqela kulo mbambano onqobile ukunqoba kwaye akakwazanga. Ngenxa yoko, inani lamaphepha asayinwe phakathi kwe-Abkhazia neGeorgia. Bafaka isivumelwano malunga nokupheliswa ngokupheleleyo kweentlanga zonke. Ngaloo nto, izixhobo ezinzima kunye nemikhosi kwafuneka zihambe kwimimandla yokulwa.

Emva kokuqhaqhaqhayisa, imisebenzi yezempi yaqalisa kwakhona. Ngo-1993, amabutho ase-Abkhazian aqala ukulawula iSukhumi, eyayinyanzelisa i-National Guard yaseGeorgia ukuba ihambe kwintsimi yase-Abkhazia.

Imfazwe yayiyivavanyo elikhulu. Ngethuba lokulwa, abantu abangaba lishumi elinesibhozo bafa ngamacala omabini. Umonakalo owenziwe kuqoqosho lwe-Abkhazia uqikelelwa malunga nama-dollar ayizigidi ezilishumi elinanye.

Amaqela okuLondoloza uxolo

Icala laseRashiya lenza njengomlamli phakathi kwamaqela aphikisanayo. Ngomhla ka-Meyi 1994, isivumelwano sisayinwe eMoscow ngokuhlukana kwamandla kunye nokuphela komlilo. Imikhosi ehlangeneyo ye-CIS yafakwa kwingingqi yombambano, umsebenzi wayo ukugcina ukungahlaziywa komlilo.

Amajoni okugcina uxolo, ahlanganisa ama-servicemen aseRashiya, alawulwa kwindawo yokukhusela i-kilometer ezingama-30 phakathi kweGeorgia ne-Abkhazia.

Izenzo ze-UN

Ibhunga leNgqungquthela yaseGeorgia-Abkhaz lakhiwa ngowama-1997. Oku kwenzeka ngexesha leentetho zaseGeneva. Abameli beZizwe eziManyeneyo, kunye neRussian Federation, bathatha inxaxheba kumsebenzi weBhunga. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2006 umsebenzi omtsha wenziwa ngamandla kwi-Kodori Gorge. IGeorgia yenze imisebenzi enkulu yokutshayela kwiidolophana zaseKodori. I-Tbilisi yaseburhulumenteni yamemezela ukulawula kwi-Kodori Gorge.

Ngo-Oktobha 2006, iBhunga lezoKhuseleko lwe - UN lamkela isisombululo nanjengo-1716. Yabiza amaqela aphikisanayo ukuba ayeke nayiphi na inxaxheba yempi eyenza ukuphazamisa iinkqubo zoxolo. I-UN yabonisa ukukhathazeka ngenxa yokungaphumeleli kwinqanaba laseGeorgia ukuphumeza isivumelwano esayinwe eMoscow, kunye nezinye izivumelwano.

Indlela yokuzimela

Ngaba i-Abkhazia Russia okanye akunjalo? Ukususela ngo-2001, iRiphabliki yaseCaucasia ithathe amanyathelo athile, ifuna ukungena kwi-CIS. Ufuna ukudibanisa neRashiya, ukugcina amalungelo karhulumente ozimeleyo. Nangona kunjalo, isikhundla sikarhulumente saseRashiya sinjalo ukuba amandla amakhulu akwamkeli lelo thuba. Oku kwachazwa ngummeli waseRussia ku-Georgia Vladimir Chkhikvishvili ngo-2003.

Iipasipoti zangaphakathi kwi-Abkhazia ziye zajikeleza ukususela ngo-2005. Ziye zakhutshwa ukususela kwiminyaka elishumi elinesine.

Okwangoku Abkhazia yiRashiya okanye akunjalo? Hayi, akunjalo. Nangona kunjalo, uMongameli waseRashiya V.V. UPutin waqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zombuso kwi-post-Soviet territory zaziwa njengezimeleyo, ezifana nesimo sephondo laseKosovo. Kulo mbandela, iNkonzo yaseRussia yangaphandle yabamba intlanganiso noMongameli wase-Abkhazia, kwakunye neTransnistria. Zenzeke ngo-2006.

I-Transnistria, i-Abkhazia kunye ne-South Ossetia ngomnyaka owodwa sayayina isivumelwano malunga nokuxhasana, intsebenziswano nobuhlobo. Ngelo xesha, i-republic yoluntu yabantu abathathu yenziwe, injongo yayo yayikulwela amalungelo kunye nentando yeninzi yezizwe. Isikhokelo salo sakhiwo sibandakanya intsebenziswano yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko, kunye nokudala amandla okugcina uxolo anokukwazi ukuthatha indawo yomkhosi waseRussia.

Abkhazia namhlanje

Okwangoku yi-republic republic. Iimpawu ze-statehood yazo ziyingoma, iiflegi kunye nengubo yeengalo. Umbutho ophakamileyo wezomthetho yiNdibano Yabantu kunye nePalamente. Isebe elilawulayo limelelwa nguMongameli kunye neKhabinethi yabaPhathiswa.

Ngaba i-Abkhazia Russia okanye akunjalo? Hayi, akunjalo. IRiphabhlikhi yase-Abkhazia yilizwe elizimeleyo. Ingqungquthela, ukuhlala kwayo kwintlalo yehlabathi ayengakaqatshelwa. Uninzi lwaMdemokhrasi lwaluhlanjululwa ngumgcini, kwaye izenzo zeRussian Federation zahlelwa njengehlaselo eGeorgia.

Ngomnyaka we-2008, ingxabano yanda. Umkhosi waseGeorgia wenza umzamo wokubamba iSossetia yaseMzantsi. Ukusuka eRashiya, kuthathwe amanyathelo ezombusazwe. I-Russian Federation yabona ukuzimela kwe-South Ossetia ne-Abkhazia. Ngelo xesha, wancenga amanye amazwe ukuba alandele.

I-Abkhazia ayinxalenye yeRashiya. Ubizwa ngokuba yi-republic republic. Ngaphezu koko, uninzi lwabantu baseli lizwe lunobuRashiya. Kwanikwa iminyaka emininzi edlulileyo.

Uninzi lwabantu baseRussia bacinga ukuba u-Abkhazia ungene eRashiya. Xa u tyelela eli lizwe akudingeki i-visa, kwaye indlela yokuhlawula kwiRiphabhlikhi yimiqulu yebhanki yaseRashiya.

Emva kombono we-Matshi 2014, iRashiya ifake iCrimea. I-Abkhazia kunye neSouth Ossetia yomeleza ingxoxo kwiimeko zabo.

Amazwe awamkele i-autonom state

Kuyo yonke imbali yayo, iApsny yayingumhlaba ongaqapheliswanga. Kuze kube yimhla, ifumene ukuqwalaselwa kumazwe amahlanu anamalungu e-UN. Iyokuqala yayiyiRashiya. NgoSeptemba 2008, i-Abkhazia yabonwa yiNicaragua, ngoSeptemba 2009 -Venezuela, ngoDisemba 2009 -Nauru, ngoSeptemba 2011 - iTuvalu. Ukuzimela kweRiphabliki kwaye kwaqatshelwa yiSouth Ossetia, iTransnistria kunye neNagorno-Karabakh.

Frontier

Ngaba i-Abkhazia Russia okanye akunjalo? Hayi, akunjalo. Kungenxa yoko ukuze ufike kwiRiphablikhi, kuyimfuneko ukuwela umda ngokusebenzisa ikhonkco. Omnye wabo, Psou, akude neAdler. Ngalolu phawu lokusukela kwisikhululo sebhasi saseSochi yonke imizuzu emihlanu ukuya kweyishumi elinesihlanu ukuya kwi-minibus. Ukuze ufike kwi-Abkhazia, kwanele ukuba ube nepasipoti yangaphakathi kunye nawe. Abantwana badinga kuphela isatifikethi sokuzalwa. Ngamanye amaxesha abalindi bamagosa banokucela imvume yokushiya umntwana omncinci eRashiya, okufuneka ukuba uqaphele.

Inkunzi kunye nemimandla yase-Abkhazia

Isiko lolawulo seRiphabhliki yidolophu yaseSukhum. Imephu ye-Abkhazia ibonisa indawo yayo. Itholakala kwinqanaba eliphambili likarhulumente ozimeleyo, kwiNxweme loLwandle oluMnyama, kummandla we-Sukhum Bay. Iikhilomitha ezilikhulu elinesixhenxe ukusuka kwisixeko-umda kunye neRashiya. Ubume beSixeko saseSukhum bube khona ukususela ngo-1848.

Ukusuka ngasentla nakuma empuma inkunzi ye-Abkhazia ikhuselwe yimitha yeentaba. Kule nkalo, imeko yemozulu kule ndawo imnene. Nangona iinqanaba zeeriphablikhi zisabanda kakhulu, i-acacia, i-mimosa kunye ne-roses ziyaqhakaza eSukhum. Iqhwa apha yinto enqabileyo kakhulu. Ngethuba lonyaka kukho iikhilomitha amabini anamanci mabini anelanga.

Emuva ngo-1898, i-World Congress yamaGqirha uSukhum yaqatshelwa njengendawo efanelekileyo kwihlabathi ukukhuthaza ukufumana izigulane ze-pulmonary. Kwaye yonke le mbonga kwimeko ehle yemozulu, izityalo eziphantsi komhlaba, ulwandle kunye ne-air ionized.

Imephu ye-Abkhazia isichazela kwimimandla yeRiphabliki. Omnye wabo nguGagra. Isiko salo solawulo sikwiSixeko saseGagra. Iinqununu ezinkulu kunazo zonke ziPitsunda, Bzyb, Gechripsh kunye noTsandripsh. Umahluko walo mbandela yindlela enokuzonwabisa yokuphakamisa. Kule ndawo kukho uLake Ritsa. Umda weendawo kunye neRussia yaseKrasnodar Territory.

I-dolophu yedolophu yaseGagry (Abkhazia) iyaqhelana nayo yonke into. Itholakala kunxweme loLwandle oluMnyama. Le ndawo ekhethiweyo ihlala kwindawo eekhilomitha engamashumi amathathu anesithandathu ukusuka kwisikhululo se-Sochi. Ikhuselwe yiintaba ezivela kwimimoya ebanda. Ngelo xesha, umoya ofudumele wolwandle ugcinwa kwintsimi yawo. Ukuba e-altitudes ezahlukeneyo, iigorge zeentaba zenza ukuba kuphuculwe umoya kunye nokuhlaziywa kwezidalwa zomoya kwisixeko. I-Gagra ithathwa njengendawo ekhulayo kwaye efudumeleyo kunxweme lonke laseCaucasia loLwandle oluMnyama. Apha iqondo lokushisa lonyaka lomoya li-degrees ezilishumi elinesihlanu. I-Winters kule dolophu ifudumele kwaye ilungile. Kwixesha elibandayo, umoya uphuthuzela ukuya kwii-degrees ezisixhenxe.

I-resort ye-Abkhazia iqhosha namhlanje (khangela isithombe esezantsi) yasungulwa ngumhlobo kaNicholas I-Prince AP. Oldenburg. Wathatha inxaxheba ekuguquleni kwesi sixeko kwindawo yokuzonwabisa epheleleyo. I-telegraph, ukubonelelwa kwamanzi kunye nesiteshini semozulu kwakha. Ipaki, elalibekwe elunxwemeni, ehlotshiswe ngama-agaves, imithi ye-orange kunye nemonmon, iintende kunye ne-cypresses. Abavakhenkethi bokuqala bafika kwisixeko ngo-1911.

Esinye isiqulatho se-ecosystem eselwandle esiqingqiweyo sisixeko sasePitsunda. Itholakala ngamakhilomitha angamashumi amabini anesihlanu ukuya ngasezantsi kweGagra. Imozulu ePitsunda ifana noSochi. Iindawo eziphantsi komhlaba kunye nomswakama. Esi sakhiwo sithandwa ngokuba yintlaba ye-pine grove - intsalela yezolimo zakudala zaseCrimea-Caucasus. Ngoku yintsimi yendawo yokugcina. Ukuxuba umoya wolwandle kunye nentaba kunye ne-ozone, ehlanganyelwe yi-relic pine, yenza i-microclimate yale ndawo ibe yonyango.

Icandelo elilandelayo lecandelo lolawulo yi-Gudautsky yesithili. Isiko sithili sisezidolophini zaseGuutauta. Ukongezelela, iindawo zokuhlala ezikhulu kunazo zonke yiNovy Afon kunye noLykhny. Isithili saseGuuta sasisodwa kwiRiphabliki ekuthi, ngexesha lokulwa nempi yaseGeorgia, lilawulwa ngokupheleleyo nguRhulumente wase-Abkhaz.

I-Gudauta ithathwa njengenqabileyo yolwandle. Imozulu apha ihlazileyo, iindawo eziphantsi komhlaba. Ubusika bubumnene kakhulu. Ixesha leeholide kulo mzi luhlala unyaka wonke. I-Gudauta idume ngegadi zayo, apho iziqhamo nezityalo ze-citrus zikhula. Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kufuphi nolwandle kukho ipaki yedolophu. Ukusuka ngasenyakatho nasenyakatho-mpuma ukuya eGuutauta kukho intambo yeentaba zeCaucasian ridge, eziphakame ngekhephu malunga neenyanga ezisixhenxe ngonyaka.

I-resort iyindawo elunxwemeni lolwandle. Apha iibhanki ziyingcawa, kuphela kwimpuma zitshintshwa ngamanxweme. Ixesha lokubhukuda liqala phakathi koMeyi kwaye lide lide kube ngo-Oktobha. I-resort iyacetyiswa kwizigulane ezinokukhubazeka kwenkqubo yokuphefumula, iinkqubo ze-cardiovascular and nervous systems, kunye neengxaki zemethambo.

Kwisithili saseSukhum, ngaphezu kwe-capital, i-Pskh neYashtkhua ziindawo zokuhlala. EGulryshsky - iGulryshsh, uAzhara noTsabal.

Kumzantsi we-Kodori uluhlu luluntu lwesithili sase-Ochamchyr.
Ukuhlala ngokutsha kwesithili saseTkuarchal, engekhoyo kumaxwebhu aseGeorgia, yiTkuarchal. Umthombo oyintloko wemali engenayo kwisabelomali yesithili yi-Tamsash eqinile yaseTurkey. Usebenza kwimigodi evulekile. Ephantse kwinqununu yommandla yiNtaba yeLashkendar. Kucingwa njengenye yee-7 ze-Abkhaz sanctuaries. E-Abkhazia kukho esinye isithili-Gal. Ubuninzi balo bantu baseMingrelians.

Ubume

I-Georgia, Abkhazia, i-Ossetia ... Imephu yalezi ziThathu zaseTranscauan zikwazi ukuthetha ngezinto eziphambili zommandla kunye nobume balo.

Ukuba ugqiba ukutyelela i-Abkhazia, uya kukwazi ukuba lizwe leentaba. Baqala kakade ikhilomitha ukusuka elwandle. Iindawo ezinqabileyo ezincinci, iinqanawa ezinzima kunye neendlela ezinqabileyo.

Ngenxa yeemifula enemizila, iintaba zeentaba, izilwanyana zaselwandle kunye nezityalo eziphantsi komhlaba, i-Abkhazia yindawo ebalulekileyo kakhulu. Ukukhululeka kwintsimi yeRiphabhlikhi iyahlukelwa yi-spurs ye-mountain massive ye-Caucasus. Uluhlu lwabo luquka i-Abkhaz, i-Kodori, iGaga ne-Bzybsky. Indawo ephezulu eAbkhazia yiNtaba iDombai-Ulgen. Ukuphakama kwayo ngu-4048 m.

Ezantsi-mpuma yeRiphablikhi kukho indawo yase-Colchis ephantsi. Phakathi kwayo kunye neentaba zihamba ngeenyawo. Kukho amaninzi amanquba e-Abkhazia. Inzulu kakhulu kuyo yonke into eplanethi yethu yiKrubera-Raven. Kufumaneka kungekude neGagra. Ubunzulu bomqolomba ngowama-2080 m.

Imilambo ejikeleza kwimida yeRiphabhlikhi yise-Black Sea. Iyona enkulu kunazo zonke i-Kialasup ne-Kodor, iGumista kunye neBzyb. Zonke zininzi-zityiliswa. Ngelo xesha, i-hydropower yabo inkulu kakhulu. Ukutya kwemifula yase-Abkhazia, njengokulawula, imvula okanye iqhwa. Umlambo omfutshane kakhulu kwihlabathi uphamla kwintsimi yommandla weGagra. Ubude balo buyi-mitha elinesibhozo kuphela. Kukho amaqonga awaziwayo njengeLake Ritsa noGegsky Falls.

I-flora ye-Abkhazia ihluke kakhulu. Kukho iintlobo ezingaphezu kweesithathu nesiqingatha zeentlobo zezityalo. Phantse isiqingatha sendawo yelizwe ihlanganiswe namahlathi. Ziyakhula imithi evulekile-i-oki, i-hornbeam, i-chestnut, njl. Kuninzi ama-fir namahlathi ase-spruce ezintabeni eziphakathi. Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ngaphezu kweekhilomitha ezimbini, zikhona iindlovu kunye nezihlathi ezikhohlakeleyo. Kuphakamileyo - ikhefu elingunaphakade okanye izityalo ezinamaqabunga.

Phakathi kwezilwanyana ezinkulu ezinokuthi zenzeke kwiindawo zehlathi ze-Abkhazia, i-lynx kunye neebhere, i-roy deer kunye neyantya ebomvu, izibhokhwe zasendle kunye nezimpungushe. Ingxaki kunye ne-salmon, i-pike-perch kunye nezinye iintlanzi zihlala emzimbeni wamanzi.