Umxholo kunye nolwakhiwo yomsebenzi in bengqondo

Yonke into ephilayo ngandlela esinxibelelana ngayo ihlabathi ngaphandle. Xa inkqubo yentsebenziswano kukho izinto ezimbini: umxholo, ochaphazela ngokukodwa okusingqongileyo, kwaye into uba into yokwanelisa iimfuno zesifundo. Ethetha nemisebenzi yabantu, oko inokuchazwa njengomsebenzi abazi ejoliswe ekufezekiseni le njongo efanayo okanye iinjongo ezininzi. Njengesiqhelo, injongo, kwelinye icala, inxulumene neemfuno kunye neemfuno ezifuna ukwaneliseka, yaye kwelinye - neemfuno oluntu kumntu ngamnye.

Ingcamango jikelele womsebenzi

umsebenzi yabantu eziliqela iimpawu azalwa. Okokuqala, njengokuba sele kukhankanyiwe, ngokuba imisebenzi yabantu luphawulwa ulwazi (abantu bazazi iinjongo, iindlela kunye kuthetha ukuba kufikelelwe kubo, baqikelele iziphumo). psychology lwezenzululwazi ithi ngaphandle ulwazi usukelo babantu akunakuthethwa malunga nomsebenzi, kuza nje kuba esebenzayo. ukuziphatha okuyingozi ixhomekeke iimvakalelo kunye neemfuno kunye uphawu izilwanyana. Okwesibini, kunzima ukucinga izinto zabantu ngaphandle imveliso, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokugcinwa kwe izixhobo. Okwesithathu, imibuzo emalunga kwingcingane lomsebenzi sinemfano, kuba izisa phezulu uluntu okanye iqela, ubonisa umntu into ekufanele siyenze nendlela. Ngenxa olu hlobo yentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu umisa unxibelelwano nabanye abantu uhlobo eyahlukileyo ulwalamano kunye nabo.

Ukufunda imisebenzi kwengqondo e uphando yiSoviet bengqondo (A. N. Leonteva, S. L. Rubinshteyna, A. A. Smirnova, B. M. Teplova et al.) Lubonise ukuba uhlobo kwekhosi kunye nophuhliso kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo psyche kuxhomekeke iimpawu imisebenzi lokuqonda eendaba, kwinqanaba lakhe inkuthazo. Kwakhona, iziphumo ze-eksperimenti A. N. Leonteva kunye P. Ya. Galperina licebisa ukuba isiphumo lwangaphakathi efanelekileyo luqokelelane ngokusekelwe izinto lwangaphandle ngokusebenzisa utshintsho elandelelanayo yokugqibela. Le nkqubo kuthiwa internalization.

Umahluko phakathi umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi

Umsebenzi - luphawu eliqhelekileyo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki kwinqanaba yombutho kunye nophuhliso. Ngapha koko, oku kuyanceda ukugcina ubudlelwane ebalulekileyo ebonakalayo kubo bonke abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umthombo lo msebenzi - oku kufuneka sishukumisa umzimba ophilileyo ukwenza ukwanelisa kubo. iimfuno zabantu kunye neemfuno zezilwanyana kwaye izinto ezifanayo nezahlukileyo. Iimfuno ezingundoqo yemvelo yinqobo kuwo omabini, kodwa ezinye aphezulu - okufana kuphela ngabantu, njengoko ibhalwe phantsi kwempembelelo yemfundo karhulumente.

Imibuzo ngengqondo, cinga umahluko phakathi umsebenzi kunye nomsebenzi. Eyona iphambili lokwahlula kukuba lo msebenzi kungenxa imfuneko isifundo kunye nomsebenzi - imfuneko umsebenzi ngokwayo. Umsebenzi kwakhona ekuqaleni ngokunxulumene nomsebenzi. Ngapha koko, kuqala ebonakalaliswe iingcinga zethu, izicwangciso amaphupho, kodwa yesibini lu dityanisiwe izinto, ithetha. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba umsebenzi yinto efunekayo cover ngexesha lenkqubo yomsebenzi wonke. Umsebenzi inika ekubaleni amandla, ixesha, amandla, ivusa izakhono, ndiyoyisile inertia, enza konke oko kuya ukufezekisa iziphumo. Umsebenzi - ebaluleke kakhulu kwaye ebalulekileyo ingqiqo ubomi bomntu. Psychology ichaza kwiintlangano noshowo yale meko.

Umsebenzi kunye nesakhiwo sayo licandelo

umsebenzi isakhiwo bengqondo na isiseko ebalulekileyo umphumo izifundo ezininzi ithiyori kwaye enokwehla. Eyona onefuthe eziphambili zezinto ezenziwa luluntu - kuba yimfuneko. psychology Domestic sokunikela iqela izinto eziza kuchazwe ngezantsi.

Into yokuqala eli cebo - isidingo. Oku kuchazwa njengelizwe ekruqukile ukutsha, ekhuthaza umsebenzi ejoliswe kufuna into eza ukwanelisa le meko. iimfuno zabantu bachatshazelwa yi kuphela uhlobo amalungu, kodwa elihle kwezentlalo kunye nemfundo. Ngokusekelwe kwezi data, uncwadi kwi kwingcingane inika ukuhlela ezimbini:

• Iintlobo iimfuno , nokuba zesifundo - eziphathekayo nangokomoya.
• Iintlobo iimfuno, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yazo - zendalo nenkcubeko.

Izazinzulu qaphela ukuba imfuno - oku inkxaso emntwini ukubonisa umsebenzi wabo. Kodwa asinguye kuphela lo meko ikhokelwa ngabantu. Indawo ebalulekileyo yile nto ngesizathu.

Ukuba umntu imfuneko ulwazi olutsha, ngoko tyelela iklasi psychology, unako ngenxa injongo okwandayo. Zengqondo bathi lo mqondo ngokwemiqathango nesizathu sokuba umsebenzi, nto leyo ehambisana nomnqweno ukukhawulelana neemfuno, kwaye unalo ulwalathiso olucacileyo. Akukho akadingi nombono ocacileyo, akukho isifundo, kodwa isizathu - ngamazwi ayo eziphathekayo. Iintshukumisa, ukuhlanganiswa zazo kunye neendidi ephatha bengqondo. Ngokufutshane uyavumelana nentsusa kuzo zombini abazi kunye zingqondweni. Owokuqala lungabonakaliswa ngamazwi, owesibini - hayi, kuba zinganakwa. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho ezingayimfuneko ukuqaphela isizathu sokuba le njongo, kuba kudla ngokwenzeka kukuba ezahlukeneyo Simanywe injongo enye, kwaye iinjongo ezahlukeneyo Simanywe isizathu mnye.

Injongo bengqondo yenzululwazi uchaza njengoko isiphelo ngenxa yomsebenzi obukhoyo ekuyileni mntu kwaye ufuna ukuphumelela. Nkulumo kwethagethi ibonakala apha eziphathekayo kunye moya engqondweni. Le njongo, nayo, yahlulelwe kwii imisebenzi ethile kunceda ukufezekisa iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo.

Ngenxa yoko, icandelo umsebenzi ubuncinane ezisebenza umsebenzi othile - esi senzo.

Kungenxa yokuba izinto ezinjalo isakhiwo umsebenzi bengqondo. Iskim eboniswe ngezantsi, kuya kukunceda ukuqonda abangaboniyo ulwazi:

Need - Injongo - Injongo - inyathelo - result.

iindidi zemisebenzi

Izazinzulu baxoxe ngomsebenzi njengoko emzimbeni ngaphakathi ingqiqo engqondweni yangaphandle. ngoko Psychology ithi manyathelo alandelayo ezibonelela umsebenzi engaphakathi-izangoma: inkqubo labona (imbono), inkqubo ecinga, inkqubo mnemonic (memory), inkqubo imazhitivny (ukuceba). Yiloo umsebenzi lwangaphakathi esilungiselela izenzo angaphandle. Enkosi kubo, uyakwazi ukwenza isicwangciso ingqalelo zonke iinkalo ekufezekiseni le njongo Bacamanga isiphumo lokugqibela. Plus, ngoncedo lwe memory umntu akuyi kuphinda iimpazamo ezenziwa ngaphambili.

umsebenzi isakhiwo bengqondo, ezizezi yangaphakathi, inemisebenzi emibini. Okokuqala, oko ngokokwakheka efanayo njengoko umahluko bangaphandle, xa ukuma ukuhamba: ukusebenza kunye nezenzo kwenzeka izinto ecingelwayo endaweni yokwenene, ngokulandelelana, isiphumo naye umsebenzi engqondweni. Okwesibini, umsebenzi lwangaphakathi mayivele ngaphandle kwinkqubo internalization. Ngokomzekelo, abantwana ngokuvakalayo funda kuqala, yaye kuphela emva kwexesha elithile kukho utshintsho intetho lwangaphakathi.

Kodwa umsebenzi wangaphandle uvelisa lwangaphandle substantive inyathelo, ezizezi kweemoto (ukuma, intshukumo kwisithuba), intshukumo ekhululekile (mime kunye izimbo zomzimba), izijekulo, iintshukumo ezinxulumene ngentetho (uyakhala).

Inkqubo isichasi internalization kuqwalaselwa inkqubo externalization. Ihlala yokuba isenzo lwangaphandle eyenziwe ngenxa nezeenguqu ezenziwa kula nezakhiwo zangaphakathi ukuba kwakheka kwi sisiseko internalization.

Operation, ukubeka esweni, novavanyo: yintoni

umsebenzi isakhiwo bengqondo iqulathe amacandelo eziliqela, kodwa eziphathekayo ezininzi, nto leyo oluqhutywa kokusingqongileyo - uqhaqho. Izazinzulu, bempilo yachaza ukusebenza njengendlela ukwenza iintshukumo ezithile ngokuxhomekeke meko. Umsebenzi inika iinkalo zobugcisa samanyathelo, kuba kunokwenzeka ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, okanye besebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo.

Iziphumo zemisebenzi, xa sifikelelwayo, ucanda amanqanaba yovavanyo neyokubeka iliso. ithelekisa ukulawula isiphumo kunye nomfanekiso kunye ithagethi yentsusa. Uhlolo ichaza ngesidanga kuqondana isiphumo kunye nenjongo. Evaluation - ufana Inqanaba lokugqibela le yolawulo. uvavanyo Positive ithetha ulwaneliseko kunye imisebenzi eyakhayo ngokubanzi, kwaye elibi - phezu koko. Ukuba isiphumo ayifani kuyo, ungenza usebenzise ulawulo, uyakwazi kubuyiswa ukuba uhlaziyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

Imisebenzi: Iifom

psychology Russian uvelise ukuhlelwa iintlobo umsebenzi. Lingcwaba lomfo umdlalo, umsebenzi ezemfundo kunye neyomsebenzi. Qwalasela yonke into ukuze.

Umdlalo - umsebenzi ophambili ngenxa yoonyana, kuba ebulela bexela zokulinganisa ubomi abadala, ihlabathi lakhe ngengqondo, funda kunye nokuphuhlisa. Umdlalo ayiniki umntwana amaxabiso athile eziphathekayo, kunye neemveliso zayo akayi kuba sisityebi, kodwa nayo yonke imida iimfuno zabantwana. Kuba umdlalo luphawulwa inkululeko, ikheswa, balala emqokozweni. Inika elihle kwezentlalo, lo mntwana, iphuhlisa gedonistichnost yakhe ngokunxibelelana, kwingqiqo yolwazi kunye nobuchule. Kwakhona na injongo zembuyekezo. Umdlalo has zenyathi yayo. Le game njongo, umdlalo sebali-nxaxheba-idlala kunye nemithetho. Umntwana iya isigaba ethile yophuhliso iqala ukudlala eminye imidlalo. Kule fomu lomsebenzi umntwana unako ukuveza iimvakalelo zakhe, iimvakalelo, kunye nabazali oko kwincam hugest. Kwakhona, ukuba umntwana yinto ebuhlungu, kungcono ukuyisombulula ngayo kunye uncedo umdlalo.

uhlobo elandelayo umsebenzi ukuvela abantu njengoko bekhula - lo msebenzi wokufundisa. Nalo, abantu ukufumana ulwazi ngokubanzi yeengcingane, bayazi izenzo substantive kwaye ifundisa. Ikhona inikeza umsebenzi zentlalo, inkqubo zokubandakanya umntu oselula kwinkqubo lwamaxabiso zentlalo kunye noluntu hlobo. Xa inkqubo imisebenzi yokufunda uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa izakhono zabo, ulwazi lwabo nokuntlalutyisa. Umntwana ufunda yokuqeqesha iifom khona.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ibinzana ephezulu umsebenzi umsebenzi. umsebenzi iLabour inika ifuthe yokusingqongileyo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ze bayisebenzise iinjongo zabo ukutya. Umsebenzi luphawulwa ulwazi, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, oko ngokubanzi yamkelwa kwaye efanelekileyo. Emva kokuba egqibe eyunivesithi, okanye elinye iziko okanye, ngokubanzi, ngoko nangoko emva kwesikolo, umntu uqala umsebenzi wakhe oqeqeshiweyo. Isakhiwo Psychological of zasemsebenzini unabo ziqendwana zilandelayo:

Injongo abazi - into zabasebenzi - izinto zokusebenza - iteknoloji isetyenziswa - imisebenzi yabasebenzi.

Psychology theory yomsebenzi

theory umsebenzi lisebenza njengomnye iziseko ezingundoqo methodological ukuba ingqondo nokuphila uphando. Xa sikhokelo imisebenzi efundwayo nje into yokuba ucinga nzulu zonke izenzakalo izangoma kunye neenkqubo. Le mbono zesayensi wadibana ukugxekwa iisayikholojisti amazwe. Kuluncwadi kwingcingane imisebenzi enxulumene kwiminyaka 20 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwaye kuyaqhubeka ukuba nokuguquguquka namhlanje.

Kweli cala, kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini. Okokuqala sichazwa S. L. Rubinshteynom, ngubani umbhekisi phambili umgaqo umanyano sezingqondweni umsebenzi. Owesibini wadala sisazinzulu A. odumileyo N. Mafikozolo, ngubani wachaza umba lwesakhiwo yoluntu lomsebenzi yengqondo lwangaphandle nangaphakathi.

theory Umsebenzi S. L. Rubinshteyna

Le Isazinzulu ukufunda psyche nezinto unxulumano lwayo ezibalulekileyo nenjongo nge umsebenzi. Rubinstein zikhalazela ukuba akukho mfuneko ukuqonda ukusebenza zangaphakathi psyche hlobo ezikhandelwa ngokusebenzisa inguqu ngaphandle. Determinism kukuba iimeko zasekhaya ziya kuboniswana element yezizathu yangaphandle. Consciousness kunye nomsebenzi - bengengabo iintlobo ezimbini yokuvakalisa womanyano, nemizekelo emibini ezidala umanyano ebumbene.

theory Umsebenzi A. N. Leonteva

Le wengqondo-umphandi ukholelwa psyche uhlobo lomsebenzi ngenjongo. Leontiev i lweli ngobhalo internalization kwaye uthi ukuba umsebenzi lwangaphakathi abunjwe ngenxa yenguqu lwamanyathelo lwangaphandle izangoma lwangaphakathi. imisebenzi Scientific nokwazisa okwabiweyo uhlobo inkqubo lokusekwa yomfanekiso nomfanekiso ngokwaso. Nkqubo ingcamango indlela ubume umsebenzi bengqondo, Leontiev wanika imisebenzi yakhe zilandwe emva kwi-1920. Usebenze umphandi ekuqaleni L. S. Vygotskogo, ukufunda iinkqubo mnemonic babacukucezela ngokuhambelana umsebenzi njongo. Kule 30 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini wayiqhubela imisebenzi yesikolo eKharkov waza waqhubeka nophuhliso lwakhe sethiyori zovavanyo kulo mba. Iminyaka esixhenxe, ukususela 1956 ukuya 1963 wayeqhuba experiments Leontiev. Umphumo waba kukuba wayengqina kungenzeka ukuyilwa nenowuthi abantu Indlebe ayiyi elungileyo kakhulu umculo kunye amanyathelo afanelekileyo. isindululo kwakhe ukuqwalasela umsebenzi njengoluhlu izenzo nemisebenzi ziye kakuhle kwamkelwa kwihlabathi psychological zenzululwazi. Leontiev nayo yafunda ingqondo kwavela kwaye yaphuhliswa ekuhambeni kwexesha yendaleko ngayo, kuvela njani ezingqondweni kule khosi lophuhliso loluntu, umlinganiselo lomsebenzi ezingqondweni, uphuhliso ubudala psyche nokuphila, ububanzi ezikhuthazayo kwaye lwesemantiki, nendlela kunye nembali kwengqondo.

theory Umsebenzi L. S. Vygotskogo

I sebenzisa theory umsebenzi ukuchaza awohluke ze psyche kwabantu kunye Lev Semenovich. Waba imfundiso imisebenzi eziphezulu engqondweni yaye lweli ngobhalo internalization.

Higher yengqondo imisebenzi Isazinzulu ekuthiwa iinkqubo cognitive ukuba yasebenza psyche yethu. Wayekholelwa ukuba ngaphambili, xa uluntu ukuba likumgangatho ophantsi, imisebenzi ephakamileyo engqondo ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu. Kodwa inkqubo zazivelela kwenzeka internalization ezi Ubudlelwane, ukuba similise iziganeko izangoma. Uphawu ephambili VPF - le mbambano esebenzisa imiqondiso ezithile kunye neempawu. Nokuba phambi intetho, abantu ukuthetha, ukudlulisa ulwazi kunye nolwazi ngokusebenzisa iimpawu. Oku kuthetha ukuba zethu iinkqubo ngengqondo abasebenze kwinkqubo lwezandla. Kodwa ukuba siqala States ilizwi, ngoko usenokufumanisa ukuba nalo uphawu ecacileyo.

Imisebenzi yengqondo Higher ibekwe isithinzi ngokungqalileyo lo neuron. zigaba eziliqela nesisekelo imisebenzi ephezulu yengqondo kungathiwa:

• Ifom ubudlelwane babantu - inkqubo inter-yengqondo.
• Internalization.
• Yaye eneneni, aphezulu umsebenzi kwengqondo - inkqubo intrapsychic.

theory Umsebenzi baba ngakumbi yaye iya kuba sisiseko izifundo zengqondo ezininzi kwisithuba lwasekhaya.