Yeyiphi ingongoma umhlaba ekuthiwa izibonda zejografi? Ingongoma ephambili, yaye umhlaba wonke

Umhlaba ngokumila ungqukuva, okanye mandithi, mncinane atshabalalisa emiphethweni kule iingongoma izibonda zaso. Kodwa okuphawuleka kakhulu kwi planethi, kuba kucingelwa ukuba umhlaba - yinto isigaba, likumyinge sithathwa ukulenza.

Ukuphawula esiqu Earth and ifana wenza kube lula ukufumanisa ngokuchanileyo uququzelelo nayiphi na into enambuzelayo (moya, amafu emvula), okanye ohlala kwindawo ethile ehlabathini (umzi, siqithi). Banikeza kakhulu izibonelelo naziphi na izinto ihamba emajukujukwini. Ngaphambili, abantu ekhokelwa yi iinkwenkwezi, ngesigqibo kwelanga esibhakabhakeni. Oku akuthethi ngqo nokusebenzisa ubugcisa bale mihla, ke, ukuba ngebhaqo ukufumana wena kwisiqithi intlango kungekho ndlela eziqhelekileyo ezifana ebomini bethu - smartphones, amacwecwe, iikhompyutha eziphathwayo, ngokulandelelana, ngaphandle ukufikelela kwi-Internet, ngaphandle Umatiloshe, kunye nezinye izinto, ukuze kuya kuba bubulumko ukwazi ezo ndlela 'lingavumi "yokubala ezihambelanayo.

Ungasebenzisa inkqubo yokuhla unyuka, eziya kungena uququzelelo ezifunwayo kunye nezixhobo yayizihambela likwazi ukuya apho ufuna, ngaphandle indoda. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala. Cinga ingongoma ephambili kunye manani achazwe ngayo umhlaba.

A bit kolwazi zembali

Imibuzo malunga uququzelelo abakhathalele ezingqondweni zabantu ixesha elide, ewe phambi kokuba ixesha lethu. izazinzulu engeKenziwa kwi kwindlela yophuhliso nokulungelelanisa nkqubo Hipparchus kunye uPtolemy. Aba bantu babehlala kwiinkulungwane yesibini kunye lokuqala BC, kodwa, nangona kunjalo, ekubeni ngokuchaneka ukwahlukana nako ukufumanisa uququzelelo iinkwenkwezi. Aba baba ngamadoda amakhulu ixesha lakhe, geography enamandla kunye neenkwenkwezi. Yaba abo wazisa umba ukuba ngoku ngokubizwa ngokuba nokulungelelanisa inkqubo, kunye nomsebenzi wabo sele kucaca ukuba lo uququzelelo eengingqi. Ngelo xesha, aba bantu babengazi ukuba umhlaba ojikeleza ilanga. Hipparchus yaphakanyiswa ukuba umphezulu iplanethi yethu ukuba ingqalelo sphere egqibeleleyo, yaye umzekelo wayo, wachaza iinqwelwana ezahlukileyo geometry ukulenza.

Globe - imodeli kakhulu oluchanileyo Earth

Ngawo umhlaba, unako lula ukubona uququzelelo yalo naliphi na ilizwe, isiqithi okanye enye into. Ngoncedo yayo ngendlela elula iyaboniswa oko kubandakanya esiqu kunye ifana nezibonda nezinye iingongoma ngokwezelizwe kunye imigca zomhlaba.

Hi ndlela leyi, umhlaba wokuqala ixesha elide eyadlulayo, kwanangaphambi ixesha lethu, wayenza iibhokisi of Mallus 150 BC, ngelo xesha, xa Hipparchus kunye uPtolemy waphila. Kakade ke, umhlaba ukuze ukubonisa zonke iinkcukacha, kodwa ngokubanzi ikuvumela ngokupheleleyo ukuchaza umfanekiso jikelele, nto leyo iplanethi yethu, yaye wabonisa ngokugqibeleleyo, umzekelo, nayiphi indawo yomhlaba kuthiwa izibonda zejografi,

On umhlaba kulula ukubona apho kukho naliphi na ilizwe, ulwandle, ocean, amazwekazi, okanye indawo isiqabu kwabo. Kuxhomekeke koko uboniswa umdali one. Kunokuba kuphela kwezopolitiko, kodwa ke icandelo amazwekazi kweli lizwe kunye nesalathisi izinto ezinkulu ezifana ulwandle. Kungenzeka, kuya kuba wonke encinane zokuhombisa. iisampulu Ukufundisa siqulathe inkcazelo engakumbi malunga Yomhlaba kunye indawo okuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yehlabathi.

Ngokubanzi, kukho parameters ezintathu eziziimpawu Umhlaba-isilungelelanisi ngokwalo zejografi. Ngenxa khangela iingongoma eziphambili, imigca kunye moya kumphezulu komhlaba.

Yintoni axis koMhlaba

Ingaba kukho ukuthabatha uMhlaba ibhola, kuye kucace ukuba umgca enjalo, leyo mzobo stereometric kuba nendima. Yintoni na? Le line, yona ubukhulu, olujikelezayo kuyo kudala isangqa sphere yonke. Yintoni ububanzi xa kuthelekiswa ne umhlaba ekuthiwa esqwini. Lo ngumgca ntekelelo, nto leyo ngenene, kodwa ke kuyenzeka ujikelezo yemihla ngemihla, yaye kucingelwa ukuba udlula i-North naseMzantsi.

Izinti Umhlaba planethi

Yeyiphi ingongoma umhlaba ekuthiwa izibonda zejografi? Ukuba ezi ngasentla nangasezantsi nezibonda kakhulu abandayo senkangala. Wew eqinileyo yile nto kuthiwa "Yomhlaba" - indawo apho axis (umzimba ungqukuva oxwesileyo) komhlaba yekhampasi kwinqanaba. Le yokugqibela kule meko kumphezulu womhlaba.

Ngokusebenzisa ezi izibonda zimbini zonke esiqu, esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Zeziphi ukufana

Ukwandisa kuthathwa sphere kunye Umhlaba lichazwa kunokuba kulo mzekelo abantu ngaxeshanye. Xa sicingela ukuba ihlabathi, ngathi ihlabathi, ngumbindi, ukuba ezimanyeneyo Umhlaba uya kucanda kulo uwahlule ube zahlulo amabini alinganayo, njengoko ubukhulu kwi radii.

Ukuba zoba moya ethile apho kwigophe lasekunene esqwini, ngoko ke uya kuwela imihlaba umtya ojikeleyo ethile, ngamanye kumgca emhlabeni obizwa ngaxeshanye. Parallel kokuba ubukhulu mkhulu udlula embindini Earth zomhlaba, nto leyo ke isangqa enkulu-ikhweyitha kuthiwa. Iluthe sphere ibe zifaka ezimbini ngokulinganayo. Zonke izangqa ezifanayo ukuthi zidalwe ngu moya aa Incopho esqwini, ebizwa kwakhona nezifaniso kodwa izangqa oluncinci xa kuthelekiswa ne-ikhweyitha. A umgca edlula izibonda zejografi, zibizwa ngokuba esiqu. Hi ndlela leyi, enkosi ikhweyitha belizwe lethu yahlulwe kubini - ngasentla nangasezantsi. Ngako oko, kukho izibonda wejografi le uMhlaba, abadumileyo ngamagama ngako ukuba ngaba nayiphi na inxalenye yehlabathi.

okuyi

Ukuba uchitha uninzi moya ngokusebenzisa asi ngokwayo yaye izibonda, sifumana ngenxa isangqa, leyo ibizwa ngokuba "amaza ngokupheleleyo." Zonke esiqu ezi ubude efanayo kuzidlulisela othe ngqo kunye iingongoma ezimbini kuwo iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo. kutshintsha kuphela indawo yabo.

Inkqubo esiqu kunye nezifaniso ezithi eboniswe kwimaphu naphezu mhlaba, womnatha yesidanga.

It is a-mbini, njengoko kuchaziwe zilungelelanise amabini kuphela - uququzelelo yesibanzi ukufana. Yiloo nto uququzelelo zejografi? Oku amanani amabini, amanani nobude. amanani anjalo imilinganiselo ngokwamazinga nemizuzu.

Ekuqaleni senqaku esizichazayo ukuba Umhlaba - ncam sphere, waba atshabalalisa kancinci. Kuthetha ntoni oku? ubude ikhweyitha ka 40,075.7 eekhilomitha xa ubude okuyi - 40,008.5 km. Pole kancinci kufutshane-ikhweyitha, ubuncinane emhlabeni wonke sikakrebe kakhulu.

Lo moya Umhlaba spheroid

It is labo iinqwelomoya ecingelwayo leyo onxusene okanye aa Incopho axis zomhlaba, zizinto eziphambili. Ummandla-moya leyo udlula ithe cwaka kuthiwa, ngokulandelelana, lo moya cwaka Umhlaba. Eyona nto iphambili kubo - yeyona yeGreenwich Meridian. Yena okuphosela ulutya yasempuma kunye zifaka nasentshonalanga. moya Main ugqithayo kuwo-ikhweyitha bomhlaba ihlukane kubini - Northern kunye Southern saseNtla.

line reference lokuqala

Zonke zika zibalwa usebenzisa geometry yesiqhelo eqinileyo. Wakhethwa sisebenzisane ngokuthembeka, kunoko, a okuyi reference kwanokukhangela ukufana kuso babala uququzelelo nayiphi na indawo on Earth. Zero okuyi lowo udlula iLondon yakhethwa, oko kukuthi, i-Greenwich Observatory. Njengoko umgca leyo kuthathwa ukuba imvelaphi anenkululeko, oko wagqiba ukuba ithe cwaka elide --ikhweyitha.

Ulwazi olunomdla malunga yeGreenwich okuyi. Kukho inkqubo kulungelelwaniso kwi zilungelelanise ezithile, yaye ibizwa ngokuba World Geodetic System-84, okanye zishunqulelwe njengoko WGS-84 (84 - ngonyaka wokwamkelwa kwenkqubo), esetyenziswa yi ehlabathini lonke, yaye apho ithe cwaka zero yi ERS Reference Meridian, badlula kufuphi Greenwich, imizuzu kuphela 5.31 emboxo ngasempumalanga.

Yiyiphi imigca Umhlaba ukunika nobude

Abantwana esikolweni basoloko bexakaniseka la magama - i esiqu kunye ifuze enye ububanzi, yaye owehlayo. Ngoko ke, i-ikhweyitha - na imvelaphi anenkululeko, ngoko xa Greenwich Meridian nguye umgca yokuqala ukuze kubalwe entshonalanga.

yobubanzi Geographical kunokuba amaxabiso ukusuka degrees-0 ukuya kwi-90. Kuxhomekeke apho ecaleni weikhweyitha ingongoma, ukuba unikwe ixabiso ngasentla yesibanzi okanye ezantsi. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, New York abe inkululeko degrees 40 imizuzu 43 ngasentla ekwizibanzi, kwaye eSydney yi-33 degrees imizuzu 52 yobubanzi lasezantsi. Kubhaliwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ⁴⁰ ° 43 ', ³³ 52'.

Ngokufanayo, owehlayo eendawo. Kananjalo kufuneka abalwe kusetyenziswa izidanga, imizuzu kwaye nje amanani nasentshonalanga aqala ku-0 ukuya degrees 180. Kusenokuba Western, ukuba uya kuhamba ngakwintshona ithe cwaka kakhulu kwaye nasempumalanga (ezifanayo - ukuya kwimpuma ohlukanisa).

Njengoko kubonisiwe ngaphambili, ithe cwaka kwiqanda udlula Greenwich kwaye ixabiso le-0 degrees. Yaye kuthekani amanqaku Umhlaba kuthiwa nezibonda wejografi yomhlaba kanye yintoni isikhundla sabo? Ezi ngongoma leyo namanani ka asithoba degrees yesibanzi degree of zero entshonalanga.

Ngamafuphi

Kwiplanethi enguMhlaba, kwakunye endle, kukho iingongoma ezingundoqo, imigca kunye moya. Yintoni komhlaba indawo ekuthiwa izibonda ngokokuhlala, sele siye kuqwalaselwa. Le ngongoma apho i-axis diurnal njengokujikeleza komhlaba. Ukuba moya udlula ngalo axis aze agqithe izibonda zejografi, yenza ekudibaneni kwisigaba komhlaba, nibizwayo esiqu.

Kukho zero okuyi kudlula e-London, kunye nabanye eziliqela, nto leyo ibe isici izidanga ukuya ku-180 (kusenokubakho ubuncinane 180). Ukuba abanye moya udlula axis koMhlaba ngayo ujikelezo, oko kukuthi, aa Incopho na kuyo, ekudibaneni kwawo kunye nenqanaba yi Earth ngaxeshanye. Okunxuseneyo, nto leyo eye ngama kakhulu kuthiwa ikhweyitha. Nguye lo reference olungundoqo inkululeko. Zonke zika alinganiswa izidanga kunye iinxalenye ezincinane - imizuzu, imizuzwana. Okukwiqondo nye ngayo imizuzu mathandathu, kwaye ngomzuzu omnye - imizuzwana amathandathu. etsala ezimbini osetyenziswayo ukubonisa imizuzwana (ezifana ukubonisa imizuzu).