Easy Genetics: phawu sofuzo - ukuba ...

phawu sofuzo - yimfanelo nto ukuzibonakalisa ukuba kukho allele kweejini ezibalaseleyo lophawu efanayo. Ukuze siqonde ngcono le nkcazelo, makhe ukumelana indlela iimpawu ikhowudi kwenzeka kwinqanaba yemfuza.

A bit mbono

inkalo nganye abantu ufakwe babini yemfuza, alleles, omnye umzali ngamnye. Alleles zahlulwe lubalaseleyo kunye sofuzo. Ukuba gamete kukho allele lubalaseleyo kwaye sofuzo, kuya kuvela phenotype lubalaseleyo. Lo mgaqo ibonisa umzekelo olula kwekhosi yesikolo eziphilayo xa umzali omnye amehlo aluhlaza, kunye nezinye - omdaka, ngoko ke umntwana kusenokwenzeka ukuba abrawuni, blue - phawu sofuzo. Lo mthetho kwabangela ukuba xa kweejini yabazali ezimbini brown-eyed engqinelanayo allele lubalaseleyo. Amehlo brown iimpendulo A sofuzo ukuba oluhlaza - a. Ngoko, xa bawelileyo iinketho ezininzi okunokwenzeka:

P: AA x aa;

F1: Aa Aa Aa Aa.

Yonke inzala heterozygous, nabo bonke ebonakalisa ephezulu - abrawuni.

ukhetho Second:

P: Aa x aa;

F1: Aa, Aa, aa, aa.

Nale wawela kwaye liba phawu sofuzo (oku amehlo aluhlaza). Le kungenzeka ukuba umntwana uza kuba abanamehlo aluhlaza, - 50%.

Ngokufanayo ilifa albino (ukuphazamiseka nombala), ubumfama, kubazali bakhe. Oku mpawu sofuzo womntu, oko kuvela kuphela lingekho allele lubalaseleyo.

Iimpawu zobuntu sofuzo

iimpawu ezininzi sofuzo kwenzekile ngenxa kwiDNA. Khumbula, umzekelo, amava uTomas Morgan kunye neziqhamo iphaphazela Drosophila. Iliso Umbala eqhelekileyo iimpukane - bomvu ezinobumhlophe-eyed iimpukane siphendu kuguquka kwi X chromosome. Kwaye kukho sofuzo, isini-ezinxulumene.

Kubazali bakhe A nokungaboni kwakhona babe sofuzo iimpawu, ezinxulumene sex-.

Cinga ukunqumla iimpawu sofuzo umzekelo imibala. Masithi isakhi onoxanduva imibala eqhelekileyo, - X, a njengesi - X ^d. Kweenkomo lumi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

P: XX X X ^d Y;

F1: XX ^{d, d} XX, XY, XY.

Oko kukuthi, ukuba uyise umbala eyimfama, kunye nomama wakhe waba nempilo entle, bonke abantwana baya kuba sempilweni, kodwa amantombazana ziya kuba abathwali imibala sofuzo, nto leyo ithuba-50% ukuba iboniswe abantwana babo abangamadoda. Women colorblindness inqabile kakhulu, kuba X chromosome enempilo kuvala ukuba njengesi.

Ezinye iintlobo sofuzo intsebenziswano

Umzekelo yangaphambili kunye nombala kwamehlo akhe - umzekelo kobunganga ewonke, oko kukuthi, i-gene iba ugqiba ngokupheleleyo sofuzo. Uphawu ebonakaliswa kweejini elivumelana allele lubalaseleyo. Kodwa kukho amaxesha xa sofuzo lubalaseleyo ayikho ngokupheleleyo ayisayicinezeli i sofuzo, kunye nenzala kuboniswa umnqamlezo - inomsebenzisi omtsha (kodominirovanie), okanye azibonakalisa zombini zofuzo (ukubalasela ezingaphelelanga).

Kodominirovanie - a amila. Xa abantu kodominirovanie ibonakala kuphela ilifa igazi. Makhe omnye wabazali iqela lesibini igazi (AA), okwesibini - iqela lesithathu (BB). Zombini A and B iimpawu lubalaseleyo. Xa bawelileyo, sifumanisa ukuba bonke abantwana babe igazi iqela yesine, esinebhakhowudi njengoko AB. Oko kubonakala phenotype omabini iimpawu.

Kwakhona ilifa umbala izityalo ezininzi kweentyatyambo. Xa niwela rhododendron abomvu namhlophe, umphumo ube bomvu namhlophe kunye bi-umbala intyatyambo. Nangona ebomvu sinamandla, kwaye kulo mzekelo, ayithethi ukucinezela phawu sofuzo. Le intsebenziswano apho zombini iimpawu zibonakale ngokulinganayo kweejini ngamandla.

Omnye umzekelo engaqhelekanga kunxulumene ukuba kodominirovaniem. Ngokuwela yonke abomvu namhlophe yoko kusenokuba ezipinki. Umbala pink ibangelwa yokonganyelwa ezingaphelelanga, xa allele lubalaseleyo lisebenzisana kunye sofuzo. Ngenxa yoko, inomsebenzisi omtsha intermediate.

intsebenziswano non-allelic

Oku kucaciswe ukuba kweejini ukubalasela engaphelelanga womntu yinqobo kuye. indlela ukubalasela engaphelelanga akukho esebenzayo umbala ilifa. Ukuba omnye wabazali isikhumba mnyama, enye ukukhanya, yaye umntwana - mnyama, ukhetho esiphakathi, asikuko ngumzekelo yokonganyelwa ayiphelelanga. Kule meko yenzeka nje intsebenziswano zofuzo nonallelic.