Ukuba kwanda: izinto kunye neemilo. imizekelo

Naluphi na uhlobo into ephilayo sinotyekelo ukutshintsha, kwaye kwenzeke zombini kwicala ezintle kunye navumelanayo. Kwimeko yesibini, inkqubo enjalo ibizwa ngokuba ukuhlehla okanye ukuthotywa, kwaye lubonakala ngokuba ukuthotywa chu into okanye isiganeko esithile. Isenzeko umva, libonakaliswa ngcono kuyo nantoni na okanye nabani na, ingabizwa inkqubela okanye uphuhliso. Le nkqubo ingentla kwindalo iphela, njengoko umthetho, ebizwa kwakhona involution kunye ngendaleko.

Kwiimeko ezithile ezingqalileyo, bangafumana intsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Umzekelo, uphuhliso, nokuqaqambisa intlekele - abantu, le nkqubo iya kuba icala elibi. Kweli nqaku, sifunda ukuba lo uphuhliso yaye yintoni indima onayo kobudlelane phakathi ezahlukeneyo zasendle.

Overview

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, uphuhliso - kuba yinkqubo immanent ukuba kwenzeka ngenxa iinguqu ezithile. It ingachazwa kukwanda ukuntsonkotha inkqubo, ukuphuculwa lithathelwe indawo, inkqubela yezentlalo, ukukhula kwezoqoqosho kunye ukuphuculwa kobume bayo, kwakunye nokwanda isikali into. Kwimeko nganye, le nkqubo owenza indima jikelele - ukuba bazuze iziphumo ezintsha. Kunzima ukutsho ukuba uphuhliso efana iyonke, ngenxa yokuba ngamnye iimpawu zayo inemisebenzi ethile nto leyo, enokwenza -yokuziqhelanisa, ixesha-abaxhomekeke, ubuninzi kunye notshintsho qualitative.

Inkqubo yophuhliso eziphilayo

Isazinzulu Natural Jean Lamarck B isicelo ingcamango yophuhliso ukuchaza kwemvelo. Xa inkqubo yayo yokuphucula umbutho eziphilayo uye wangenela umlinganiswa. Ngamany 'amazwi, ukuba uthi, ngokutsho iimbono sisazinzulu French, uhlobo kwakuvela ukuguquka elula iimilo ezimbaxa ngakumbi. Yintoni uphuhliso ngendlela edibana ngayo ngemvelaphi yomntu, echazwe imisebenzi semvelo enkulu mhambi uCharles Darwin. Lo mgaqo yale nkqubo sisiseko ingqiqo yakhe nasekusungulweni eziphilileyo. Umzekelo okumangalisayo engqina le mbono, unako ukukhonza njenge ingcamango yokuba umntu weza sisiphumo sophuhliso ngokomzimba kwaye nangokomoya lwenkawu enkulu.

utshintsho qualitative nenesakhiwo kuqoqosho

Ngaphambili safumana ukuba uphuhliso efana iyonke, kwaye ngoku iya kugxininisa ezahlukeneyo inkqubela ngayo kwezoqoqosho. Le isethi ebaluleke kakhulu lweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo eziphembelela inqanaba nomgangatho wobomi, inkqubela kwinzululwazi, imfundo kunye nenkcubeko, kwakunye nemveliso yabemi. Yintoni na uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho, echazwe ngaphezulu Schumpeter ngo-1911. Wapapasha incwadi othi "The Theory of Economic Development." Lanikwa umahluko phakathi kophuhliso kunye nokukhula koqoqosho, kwaye sele iboniwe zaza zazihlela nohlobo ezintsha ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.

Divergence kunye Ukuhlangabezana

Le mithetho ezimbini linxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nenkqubo indlela yophuhliso. Zama ukuqonda ngakumbi. Divergence - iimpawu divergence kunye neempawu kumaqela athile eziphilayo ngexesha zazivelela. Ngokomzekelo, ngenxa yophuhliso (zazivelela) Iifomu kwiseli flagellated yenzekile ezimdaka kunye nezinye izinto.

Ukuhlangabezana - ingqiqo kakhulu okwahlukileyo. Oku kubandakanya inkqubo zokuhlangabezana (ukufana) yezinto eziphilayo. Umzekelo izilwanyana ezifana aardvark, kwaye silwane South American. Ekuqaleni, izilwanyana yosapho enye, njengoko ifana kakhulu. Emva kwexesha elithile, uphando yabonisa ukuba ukufana kwabo ikhe sisiphumo yendaleko convergent, yaye ngenxa ukudla okufanayo: ongena neembovane, yaye ngoko, idatha izinto eziphilayo, nangona kwi niche enye eziphilayo, akakwazi akangowakhe ukuya kwenye kunye efanayo usapho.

inkqubela kwezentlalo

Ezincwadini academic O. kant ingafumaneka "Ikhosi Positive Philosophy", nto leyo amenza udumo omkhulu. Kulo msebenzi sobulumko French ichaza uMthetho izigaba ezithathu uphuhliso lweengqondo yoluntu. isigaba ngasinye lubonakala ngokuba kunelixesha lokuphumla elithile (lokuqala - ukususela kumaxesha amandulo ukuya 1300, owesibini - 1300-1800, kwaye eyesithathu - kwenkulungwane ye-19). Ekuhambeni kwexesha ngalinye xesha uluntu sele iwupasisile kwisigaba esithile yophuhliso: zenkolo, i ezintweni kunye nenzululwazi ngokulandelelana.

Ithuba yokuqala neyesibini O. kant ukholelwa iintsomi kunye nezimvo ababuxoki, kodwa akuba ingqalelo ngononophelo sigaba sokugqibela, sele kunokwenzeka ukuba uphendule lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na inkqubo yophuhliso (social)" Kweli nqanaba, uluntu kwaba ihlelwe, ifuna ukuba uyigcine sizathu, kunye nokwenza izinto ezintsha kunye ezintsha. Kwimeko nganye kwezi manyathelo ezichazwe ngasentla, le uluntu iye yaphuhliswa. Bulelani kuphela amava ababeyiqwebile nolwazi, ngoku unalo ithuba lokuphila kwihlabathi ephucukile. Yintoni na uphuhliso lwabantu? Le ukuziqhelanisa ebomini, umnqweno ukufumana imimango ezintsha, ukufunda izakhono ezitsha ukwenzela ukuphucula umgangatho wobomi. Kuzo zonke iminyaka abantu ukuphuhlisa zombini ngokomoya nangokwenyama, kunye nokumiswa inkqubo kunokukhokelela ekuncitshisweni kwenani labantu, indlala kunye nomonakalo.