Yintoni esiyityhefu? Iimpawu, izakhiwo kunye nezicelo

Ityhefu - chemical iqela ielementi nitrogen (Group 15 lwezakhi). Le ebuntsimbi ayenechaphothi izimvi into ntlanzi (α-iarseniki) kunye rhombohedral akhazimlayo ngekroba. Xa itshiswe ngeqondo ku 600 ° C As sublimates. Emva okupholisa, umphunga, i ukuguqulwa entsha - esiyityhefu Yellow. Ngaphezu 270 ° C onke Njengoko beza kungena esiyityhefu emnyama.

History of izovela

Isibakala sokuba eli iarseniki yayisaziwa elide phambi kokuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo izinto zayo chemical. Le IV c. BC. e. Aristotle wathetha into ebizwa ngokuba "sandarak", nto leyo ngoku kukholelwa ukuba realgar kuye, okanye emanzini esiyityhefu. Kwaye ke BC I leminyaka. e. Pliniy Starshy kunye ababhali Pedany Dioscoride wachaza auripigment - ngedayi Njengoko ₂ S _3. In XI kulo. n. e. hlukile ezintathu iintlobo "iarseniki" white (Njengoko ₄ O _6), mthubi (Njengoko ₂ S _3), kunye obomvu (Njengoko ₄ S _4). Into uqobo mhlawumbi eyedwa kuqala kwinkulungwane XIII, Albert Enkulu, owathi yimbonakalo iziyobisi metal-like xa kunzima, okwabizwa ngokuba As ₂ S ₃ lenziwa lashushu ngesepha namanzi. Kodwa nentembelo yokuba ukuba sisazinzulu yemvelo iarseniki ecocekileyo, akukho. Ubungqina yokuqala ngokwenene kulwabiwo esulungekileyo iikhemikhali element libhalwe ku-1649. unale German Iogann Shreder walungiselela iarseniki, amalahle phambi carbon monoxide. Kamva Nicolas Lemery, ugqirha French yemichiza waphawula ukuyilwa lwesi sakhi imichiza ngokufudumeza umxube i oxide, kunye iisepha umanyolo. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII, iarseniki wayesele esaziwa njenge unique semi-metal.

ukwanda

qweqwe lomhlaba yaye iphantsi iarseniki xi yaba 1.5 PPM. Ifumaneka kumhlaba kunye neetyuwa kwaye ukungena emoyeni, emanzini nasentlabathini ngenxa umoya kunye ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi. Ngaphaya koko, i-elementi engena umoya evela kweminye imithombo. Ngenxa mlilo emoyeni akhululwayo malunga 3 amawaka. T iarseniki ngonyaka ngamnye, angenziwa benza amawaka-20. T simbi metilarsina ngonyaka, yaye ngenxa yokuba kutshiswa amafutha eziphili zamandulo kwixesha elinye yabelwa amawaka 80. T.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba Njengoko - into ebulalayo, yinto ibaluleke ngamandla ezinye izilwanyana mhlawumbi yabantu, nangona idosi kuyimfuneko kuba ngaphezu kwe 0,01 mg / ngosuku.

Ityhefu kunzima kakhulu ukuba aguqulele ibe emanzini-enyibilikayo okanye ezililize karhulumente. Into yokuba kakhulu mobile, ithetha ukuba ayikwazi ukuvela enamandla enkulu ukwimo kuyo nayiphi na indawo enye. Kwelinye icala, oku kuhle, kodwa kwi enye - ukuba lula ngayo lithe laqhenqetha, na isizathu sokuba le kungcoliseko esiyityhefu iya isiba yingxaki enkulu. Ngenxa nemisebenzi yabantu, ubukhulu becala imigodi nawawokunyibilika, efudukela ngokuqhelekileyo ukugogeka into imichiza, kwaye ngoku ingafunyanwa nje kuphela kwiindawo ukuzikisa ingqondo yaso yendalo.

Isixa iarseniki kwi kwesikhoko nama-5 g ngetoni nganye. Xa isithuba, kuqikelelwa njengoko lwee- athom 4 million atom lesilicon. Le element zisasazwa. A imali encinane ekhoyo sikarhulumente lweenkobe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukwakheka 90-98% ntumbuluko iarseniki kwenzeka kunye nesinyithi ezifana kwistibhiya nesilivere. Noko ke, uninzi lwalo, yinxalenye kwezimbiwa ezingaphezu kwama-150 ezahlukeneyo - sulphide, arsenides, sulphoarsenides kunye arsenite. Arsenopyrite FeAsS yenye ixhaphakileyo izimbiwa Njengoko-langa. Ezinye iikhompawundi iarseniki efanayo - izimbiwa realgar Njengoko ₄ S _4, auripigment Njengoko ₂ S _3, FeAs loellingite kunye enargite ₂ Cu ₃ ASS _4. Kwakhona oxide efanayo esiyityhefu. Uninzi kwale nto eceleni le ukunyibilikisa sobhedu, ilothe, ayibe, kwaye nezentsimbi ekrwada negolide.

Kwindalo, kukho mnye kuphela Isotope nokuzinzileyo iarseniki - ⁷⁵ Njengoko. Phakathi izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo yokufakelwa radioactive wakhululwa ⁷⁶ Njengoko c isiqingatha-ubomi iiyure 26.4. Ityhefu-72, -74 ne -76 zisetyenziswa kuxilongo zonyango.

imveliso Industrial and nokusetyenziswa

Metal iarseniki arsenopyrite elungiswe ngokutshisa ukuya 650-700 ° C ngaphandle ukufikelela umoya. Ukuba arsenopyrite kunye nezinye metal ores itshiswe kunye ioksijini, ngokulula i Njengokuba idityaniswe nabo ifomu ezimbaxa lula sublimes Njengoko _{4 6,} eyaziwa ngokuba yi "iarseniki emhlophe". umphunga oksayidi zaqokelelwa kwaye incitshisiwe, yaye kamva ngokutsha lingadlulanga sublimation. Uninzi Njengokuba kubhaliwe eziveliswa ukuncitshiswa carbon of iarseniki emhlophe ukuzithengela.

ukusetyenziswa World of iarseniki sisinyithi lincinane kakhulu - babengamakhulu nje ambalwa ngonyaka ngamnye iitoni. Izinto bagqitywe, livela Sweden. Oku kusetyenziswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi ngenxa yayo metalloid. Malunga ne-1% ye-iarseniki isetyenziswa ekwenziweni shot ekhokelayo, njengoko kuphucula ubungqukuva le amathontsi etyhidiweyo. Iimpawu ingxubevange obuvelisa ngokusekelwe ilothe ziyaphuculwa zombini iimpawu thermal bokukhanda xa ziqulathe malunga ne-3% of esiyityhefu. Ukubakho izixa ezincinane lwesi sakhi ikhemikhali aluminium phambili ninyukelwa ngumsindo nize ukuze zisetyenziswe neebhetri kunye isikrweqe intambo. elimsulwa ezincane ukumelana ukwanda ngokudleka esiyityhefu kunye neempawu thermal yobhedu zezobhedu. Le imichiza olusulungekileyo elemental Njengoko ngobhedu isetyenziswa isicelo Ipeyinti kunye umdlalo. Kakhulu iarseniki ifumana isicelo technology semiconductor, apho isetyenziswa ne lesilicon kunye germanium, kwakunye ngohlobo kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide (Gaas) kwi ode, laser kunye transistors.

njengoko iikhompawundi

Ekubeni iarseniki Valence yi-3 nelesi-5, yaye uye eziliqela igcwala ithi ukusuka -3 ukuya +5, le nto ingenziwa iindidi ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo yorhwebo intsingiselo yalo oxides, ezisisiseko iintlobo kuzo As ₄ O ₆ Njengokuba _{2 O-5.} oxide Arsenous, eyaziwa ngokuba iarseniki emhlophe, - eceleni kaJohn sisimbiwa zobhedu, ukukhokela kunye nezinye zesinyithi, kwakunye ores emanzini kunye arsenopyrite. Nguye ukuba uninzi ezinye iikhompawundi umbandela iqala. Ukongeza, kusetyenziswa zinambuzane, esetyenziswa decolorizing arhente ekwenziweni zeglasi kunye ukubola yesikhumba. iarseniki pentoxide kwakheka xa eqala ukuva oxidant (isi-nitric acid) ukuya esiyityhefu emhlophe. Yeyona nto iphambili izinambuzane, amayeza kunye iglu for metal.

Arsine (ash _3), irhasi ityhefu ezingenambala eyenziwa yeehidrojeni iarseniki, - yenye into eyaziwa. Iziyobisi, ekwabizwa ngokuba iperoksayidi arsenical lungiselela haydrolisis of arsenides zesinyithi, kunye nokufunyanwa metal evela iikhompawundi esiyityhefu kwi izisombululo acid. Uye wafumana isicelo njenge dopant kwi semiconductors kunye negesi ityhefu emkhosini. Kwezolimo, kubaluleke kakhulu iarseniki acid (H ₃ Aso _4), arsenate ekhokelayo (PbHAsO ₄₎ kunye calcium arsenate [Ca ₃ (Aso _{4) 2],} ezisetyenziswa ukuba abilayo ulawulo lomhlaba besakhiwo.

Ityhefu - chemical element ekwenzeni nobuninzi oganikhi khompawundi. Kakodin (CH _{3) 2} Njengoko-Njengoko _(CH3)-2, umzekelo, esetyenziswa kumalungiselelo elisetyenziselwa ngokubanzi desiccant (arhente yokomisa) - cacodylic acid. elibona Complex kweziphilayo njengento ezisetyenziswa ukunyanga izifo ezithile ezifana segazi amoebic okubangelwa amagciwane.

iipropati ngokomzimba

Yintoni iarseniki ngokwemimiselo yayo emzimbeni? KwiNtetho iyizinzise, le intsimbi eqinileyo umbala ntlanzi nozithobela conductivity thermal kunye zombane ephantsi. Nangona ezinye iintlobo Njengoko ezi metal-ezifana, isabelo sakhe non-iintsimbi - a abalinganiswa echanileyo ngakumbi esiyityhefu. Kukho ezinye iintlobo ze iarseniki, kodwa wafunda kakuhle kakhulu, uhlobo ingakumbi yellow metastable, eliquka iimolekyuli Njengoko _4, ngathi phosphorus emhlophe P _4. sublimes Ityhefu kubushushu ka-613 ° C, yaye njengoko umphunga ikho njengoko iimolekyuli Njengoko _4, musa kwahlula ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu malunga 800 ° C. Zalisa dissociation of molecule Njengoko ₂ senzeka 1700 ° C.

isakhiwo Atomic kunye nokukwazi ukwenza iibhondi

ifomula iarseniki Electronic - 1 ² 2 ² 2p ⁶ 3 ² 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4 ² 4p ^{3 -} ezifana nitrogen, iphosphate oluthixo electron ezintlanu iqokobhe engaphandle, kodwa iyahluka kubo phambi kwe-18 elektroni kwi iqokobhe ongamphambi kokugqibela koKuhlala kunokuba ezimbini okanye ezisibhozo. Ukudibanisa 10 ababekwe HIV core ngexesha ngokuzalisa 3d-orbitals ezintlanu kubangela ukuhla jikelele ilifu electron nokunyusa izinto electronegativity. Ityhefu kule lwezakhi onokuthelekiswa namanye amaqela, nto leyo ebonisa ngokucacileyo le patheni. Umzekelo, ukuba selikho, yamkeleka ngokubanzi ukuba zinc into electronegative ngaphezu magnesium kaLayishe waseGalim - ngaphezu aluminiyam. Noko ke, kule qela ilandelayo, lo mahluko liyancipha, yaye abaninzi abavumelani nesibakala sokuba Germany electronegativity of lesilicon, nangona ngobuninzi ubungqina chemical. Le nguqulelo 8- ukuya iseli-18 inwebu ukusuka phosphorus ukuya iarseniki kungandisa electronegativity, kodwa ihleli zinokuphikiswa.

Ukufana Njengoko lwangaphandle kunye P ibonisa ukuba bangaba ezintathu iibhondi covalent atom nganye phambi ezongezelelweyo isibini electron engadityaniswanga. ngoko igcwala kufuneka +3 okanye -3, kuxhomekeke electronegativity isalamane efanayo. Ubume iarseniki kwakhona lubonisa ubukho bokusetyenziswa yangaphandle d-orbitals ukuba ukwandiswa octet ovumela element ukuba ibe ulwalamano-5. It is baqaphela kuphela indlela ne fluorine. Ubukho kwisibini electron simahla ukuze kwakhiwe iikhompawundi olunzima (via electron lomnikelo) Njengoko kwi-atom libonakala lincinane kakhulu phosphorus ne-nitrogen.

Ityhefu uqinile umoya owomileyo kodwa efumileyo wambu oxide omnyama. umphunga zayo combusted ngokulula yakha Njengoko _{2 O-3.} Yintoni iarseniki sikarhulumente free? Cishe lakufumana emanzini, alkalis kunye acids non-oxidizing, kodwa oxidized ne-nitric acid ukuya kwimo +5. Ekubeni iarseniki wasabela halogens, isalfure, kunye nesinyithi eziqaliweyo arsenides.

iMbonakalo-ngqo yoBume

Le into kungabonwa ngokomgangatho esiyityhefu nje eliSetyenzisiweyo ngokwemvula phantsi amanyathelo ka-25% solution acid zehydrochloric. Ezidibene As, ngokuqhelekileyo ezimiselwe ukuguquka wayo arsine, leyo ukubonwa uvavanyo Matshi. Arsine ke thermally ibolile ukwenza isipili omnyama iarseniki ngaphakathi tube elimxinwa. Ngu indlela Gutzeit uphenyo buzane mercury chloride phantsi inyathelo arsine mnyama ngenxa kwezulu lesigidi.

iimpawu ezinobungozi esiyityhefu

iseli ubungozi kunye nezakhi zayo zilangazelelwa kuyahlukana ngaphakathi uluhlu olubanzi, ukususela arsine zinetyhefu kakhulu kunye nezakhi zayo eziphilayo ukuba umane nje, nto leyo egalelwe noko. Oko kukuthi iarseniki, uthe ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi yayo kwiziphili agents imichiza imfazwe (Lewisite) kunye nearhente defoliant blister ( "i-arhente blue" isekelwe kwi umxube zolwelo-5% of cacodylic acid, 26% sodium ityuwa yayo).

Ngokubanzi, avela lwesi sakhi kwemichiza ukubacaphukisa ulusu kwaye ibangele dermatitis. Kwakhona kucetyiswa ukukhuselwa inhalation uthuli iarseniki aqulethe, kodwa inkoliso ityhefu kwenzeka xa tapeworm. Ubuninzi xi kuvumelekile of Njengoko eluthulini ngosuku iiyure ezisibhozo-yi 0.5 mg / m ^3. Kuba umthamo arsine kuyehla namalungu 0.05km lezigidi zeetoni. Ngaphandle ukusetyenziswa iikhompawundi ze-element imichiza njengoko imichiza kunye zinambuzane, isicelo esiyityhefu kwi Pharmacology zivelise salvarsan - kuqala iziyobisi ngempumelelo nxamnye negcushuwa.

Impembelelo kwezempilo

Ityhefu yenye yezinto iyityhefu. iikhompawundi zondle kwemichiza sifumaneka ngezixa ezincinane. Abasebenzisi ukuba lungakhuseleki kwi Ityhefu ngokusebenzisa ukutya, amanzi kunye nomoya. Ukuba sesichengeni kunokuphinda kuvele phezu zoqhagamshelwano imvaba umhlaba okanye amanzi.

isiqulatho esiyityhefu iphantsi kakhulu ekutyeni. Noko ke, amanqanaba zayo iintlanzi saselwandle esineqokobhe abe phezulu kakhulu, ekubeni anciphisa element imichiza esebenzayo amanzi abaphila kulo. A isixa esikhulu iarseniki kwiQela intlanzi inokuba yingozi kwimpilo yabantu.

Imiphumo kwezinto kwakhona ngokuxhomekeke abantu abasebenza nabo, bahlala kwizindlu ezakhiwe ngomthi iphathwa kunye nabo, yaye kumazwe zezolimo, nto leyo ngaphambili wasebenzisa zinambuzane.

iarseniki ezingaphiliyo kunokubangela iziphumo zempilo ezahlukeneyo ezifana kwinwebu esiswini namathumbu, ukuncipha kwemveliso iiseli abomvu namhlophe, ukutshintsha eluswini, kunye ukuluma semiphunga. Kuthathwa ukuba kukufakwa isixa esikhulu weli nga kwandisa amathuba okuba ngumhlaza asakhulayo, ingakumbi umhlaza eluswini, wemiphunga, isibindi kunye nenkqubo emithanjeni.

lamanani aphezulu kakhulu iarseniki ezingaphiliyo na unobangela ubudlolo kwakunye isisu amabhinqa, dermatitis, bemthoba ukumelana izifo, iingxaki intliziyo kunye nomonakalo ebuchotsheni. Ngapha koko, le ngxenye imichiza iyakwazi wonakalise DNA.

Ezibulalayo ithamo iarseniki Elimhlophe 100 mg.

Umchiza kweziphilayo into okanye umhlaza, okanye konakalise ikhowudi yezofuzo musa ukuba, kodwa ngeedosi aphezulu kunokubangela umonakalo kwimpilo yabantu, ezifana ukuba ukuphazamiseka luvo okanye neentlungu esiswini.

njengeepropati

chemical Basic neempawu zomzimba of esiyityhefu ilandelayo:

• ulawulo lonyanzeliso - 33.
• ubunzima Atomic - 74,9216.
• Lokunyibilika ekunciphiseni ezingwevu - 814 ° C noxinzelelo of umoya 36.
• Density ekunciphiseni grey - 5,73 g / cm ³ 14 ° C.
• Lexinene kwifom etyheli - 2.03 g / ^cm-3 kwi-18 ° C.
• ifomula iarseniki Electronic - 1 2 ^{2 2 2} 2p ⁶ 3 3p ⁶ 3d ¹⁰ 4 ² 4p _^3.
• igcwala karhulumente - -3, +3, +5.
• Valency of iarseniki - 3, 5.