Isiqithi iSumatra. Indonesia siqithi: indawo kunye nenkcazo

Indonesia - urhulumente inkulu South-West Asia - hayi ngenxa nto ebizwa ngokuba ilizwe iwaka iziqithi. Yena solulelwe kwicala New Guinea, kunye neziqithi Molukskih Sunda, ezona zinabantu - Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, eSumatra, kwisiqithi Timor, Flores, Sumbawa, Bali kunye nabanye. Iziqithi ezintathu Indonesia zifakwe kwi eziphezulu ehlabathini.

eparadeyisini emvula

Islands Indonesian ukuba ikhaphethi zinaso wokuxuba abantu, iinkcubeko, ubume ezahlukeneyo, imozulu. Omnye Akumangalisi kakhulu i eSumatra, abaninzi kubiza lizwekazi efinyeziweyo. Kukho Kuyashisa kunye ethafeni, nomgxobhozo kunye neentaba eziphakamileyo. Kwi siqithi likhaya imikhombe kunye iindlovu, amahlosi iingcuka, neebhere neenyathi - fauna ezinkulu, hayi abayinqobo kwiziqithi.

indawo okuyo

Iyofika - enye kwiziqithi inkulu Malay Archipelago. Ibanga ukusuka emntla ukuya mpuma ngenxa km 1,800. Ummandla siqithi - 421 000 km ^2. Wakha inkqubo kwentaba kuyehla, wafake phambili kude kuse entshonalanga. Amanqaku aphezulu kakhulu kumgama ne30-50 km ukusuka Indian Ocean. Azinayo amagama. Imimandla ezisemazantsi zaziwa ngokuba Barisan entabeni umqolo, kumntla wesiqithi kumi esezintabeni yiBatak.

Ehlabathini "umama" beso siqithi kwakukho iindawo umhlaba encinci. Ngomhla inxalenye Indian Ocean umgca onxusene iSumatra gqa ummandla weentaba: Mentawai, Nias, Ang. Kunye empumalanga eselunxwemeni wazolula Sinkep, Bank, Belitung. Kwaya notorious Simalur (Simeulue) - kwisiqithi Indonesian entshonalanga iSumatra. Ngo-2004, siwela kunxweme itsunami elikhulu.

kufuphi kakhulu, kumntla, sime Malay kuSingasiqithi - yinxalenye kwelizwekazi Asia. ISumatra iyakohlula iStrait of Malacca. Nazi iindlela zokuthumela ibalulekileyo: imithwalo izityebi watsala namapirates ngokwenene ngenkulungwane xxi, liphanga iinqanawa. East, 420 km, i "umzalwana enkulu" - kwisiqithi saseBorneo (Kalimantan). Phakathi "intsapho" iya Karimata Strait. Eyona ndawo inabantu kwisiqithi saseIndonesia Java, ezahlulwe ukusuka iSumatra Sunda Strait nobubanzi km 25.

Ukuze lo mbuzo, "Uphi na iSumatra" unokuphendulwa nje; phakathi Australia ne Asia. Kwaye ukuba ngqo ngakumbi - intlomo entshona ka-Malay Archipelago, unxantathu phakathi Java, Kalimantan kunye Malay Peninsula.

yokwakheka komhlaba

Sumatran ezintabeni benziwa eyase i Hercynian, eyase i Mesozoic kunye Paleogene yokukhwabusha kamva, njengoko abaselula longitudinal nokukhutshwa. Ziye ke yakhiwa quartzites, schists, limestones ka Paleozoic ubudala, kukho intrusions Nyengane iimveliso. I-avareji ezintlomeni zeentaba - ukususela 1500 ukuya 3000 m.

Barisan zokhahlamba lahlulwe indawo longitudinal lweempazamo kunye grabens kwi ngamatyathanga amabini ngaxeshanye. I siqithi zinezihloko cone emininzi mlilo kunye extinct, phakathi ezimi ngaphandle ngokucacileyo mlilo liphezulu eSumatra -. Kerinci (Indrapura), ukuphakama 3800 m Oku kulandelwa Dempo (3159 m) kunye Marapi (2891 m). Elinambini Edreyi ezikhoyo.

Phakathi asebumelwaneni iSumatra kunye Java e Sunda Strait, ifihla stratovolcano Krakatau (813 m). iqhuma layo zinqabile, kodwa intshabalalo enkulu. Umsebenzi Last kwaqondakala apha ngo-1999. Ngowe-1927-1929 gg. ngenxa kwamanzi dubulo siqithi wambumba Anaki-Krakatoa. Ke kuqhuma 1883 phantse wabatshabalalisa kanye omkhulu wesiqithi - Ngokufutha kwafunyaniswa kwilizwekazi ngalinye, kathathu yawuzunguleza uMhlaba.

ukukhululeka

Ngokwahlukileyo ukuya kumzantsi-ntshona kuluhlu ntaba, ikwimpuma iSumatra i esemazantsi enkulu Amathafa nezikhukhula. Uphawu le ndawo kukuba yinxalenye nabaqala yonxweme nezikhukhula. emhlabeni apha ochumileyo amahlathi imangrove kakhulu. Iyofika, Island Bank kunye Belitung zizityebi kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo kwezimbiwa: oyile, amalahle, igolide, manganese, intsimbi, nickel, inkcenkce.

sezulu

Ncebakazi Malay kwi mephu ibekwe kwindawo sentshinyela phakathi Asia ne-Australia. Isimo sezulu ifumile. iindawo kwemvula iSumatra idlula 3500-3800 mm (uyeza 6000 mm), nangona bathe bawa edyokhweni. A isixa esikhulu imvula okubangelwe njengomqobo intaba yade lonke eso siqithi. ukufuma obukhulu iwela ngo-Oktobha nangoNovemba ukuya emantla we-ikhweyitha, yaye ngoDisemba nangoJanuwari - ukuya ezantsi kwayo. Ngasentla, ngexesha ne kwezulu ngaphantsi ichazwe ngokucacileyo ngaphezu emzantsi. lobushushu ukhululekile - 25-27 degree phantse unyaka wonke, kodwa usona umfanekiso esihle ye ukufuma kakhulu phezulu.

Xa ngasempumalanga siqithi kwiStraits of Malacca isoloko yimimoya enamandla bevuthela ngasempumalanga. Bafike amandla ubuninzi ngexesha lokuba nemali-elingenazo ekumzantsi. Ngokusisiseko, yenkanyamba, ephelekwa iindudumo, ambona ebusuku - ngokuqinisekileyo, oku kunegalelo kummango iSumatra, ukwandisa ngaxeshanye ukuya Strait of Malacca.

imigxobhozo

Iziqithi Indonesia, ngenxa ezina, yiba ukufuma ngokugqithiseleyo. Ngenxa yoku uninzi kwimimandla imilambo emininzi iqukuqele. Akukho ngaphandle and iSumatra: umlambo kwenethiwekhi ashinyeneyo ngokwaneleyo, imilambo musa koma kwisithuba sonyaka, ukuhlamba kude intaba eninzi yodaka. Imilambo inkulu siqithi zezi neMuse, Hari, Kampar, Rokan, Inderagiri.

I siqithi namachibi amaninzi. Embindini le yiBatak nduli tuff kwi-mlilo sokuhlambela yeyona inkulu chibi ngo Indonesia - Toba, kwisiqithi kwaveza embindini. Ngelo xesha elinye apho bekukho kuqinisa ulawulo eyahlukileyo, ogama inzala, ngokutsho legend, bahlala kulo lonke iSumatra. Eli chibi ibekwe kwintaba ephakame m 904 ngentla komgangatho wolwandle. Area - ngaphezu kwe-1000 km ² nobunzulu ubuninzi - 433 leemitha. Nanku epholile, ingakumbi ebusuku. On the Asahan umlambo owawuphuma eli dama, wakha isikhululo samandla ngamanzi axhotyiselwe 320 000 kW.

Uqweqwe lomhlaba

Yeyona ixhaphakileyo imihlaba ngile laterites podzolized ukuba kwakheka kwi uqweqwe yemozulu. Kwi eentaba ezintabeni zomhlaba emelwe omnye entabeni laterite. Ngasempumalanga, indawo ebanzi band kukunaba nezikhukhula kunye mgxobhozo yemihlaba, kunye elimxinwa unxweme strip - sayo.

uhlaza

I-geographical nesikhundla iSumatra akwi-ikhweyitha igalelo kwintsunguzi lemvula emahlathini, asezikhundleni ngaphezulu isithuba. iindawo Ngelishwa, ezihlanjeni emlanjeni, kumathafa kunye kwimigongxo entabeni kwiindawo ezinkulu Amahlathi kunqunyulwa phantsi, baza kukhula ezahluka-hlukeneyo. Kwi siqithi ngokubanzi kulinywa imithi irabha, irayisi, ikhokhonathi wesundu, icuba, iti, umqhaphu, pepper.

Iintlobo ehlathini ziqhelekileyo zezi:

• imithi rasamaly nemikhiwane;
• Iintlobo ezininzi zemithi: iswekile, Palmyra, nut, okaSimon, rattan; kwimimandla esezantsi imilambo kunye imigxobhozo - sp; lwawo - kummandla wonxweme;
• yefeni yokuqala, bamboos enkulu (ukuya ku 30-40 m ubude), amorphous-ezisoloko zikho Falus sisidleleli Rafflesia.

Emantla-mpuma unxweme ilawulwa mangroves ezisezantsi zogqunyelelwe. Kwi misinga intermountain yeendawo ezincinane ekuhlala amathafa. Undizela ka 1.5-3 km zamahlathi eqhelekileyo ngakumbi ubukho imithi, ndimkhathalela (ngowakhe, oki), kukho Conifers, ezinamagqabi avuthulukayo ebanzi-zodonga (nezompleyini, maple) imithi. Ngaphezu 3000 m amahlathi ukunika indlela scrubby kweengqimba zamafu zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, amatyholo kunye nengca.

kulona

Island zezilwanyana ikakhulu zimelwe ehlathini eziphilayo. Sumatran jungle baye baba eMecca ukuba Eco-abakhenkethi abafuna ukudibana kunye ubomi elinye iintlobo ezininzi umdla iinkawu ezinkulu - orangutan.

Kwakhona ngokuqhelekileyo izilwanyana ezanyisayo zinazo obeku- (elingqingqwa Lory, Siamang, macaque ihagu-ezinomsila Southern, brownie rhesus) COLUGO, amacilikishe, iiprotheni, iimbila, aqubude kuzo. Phakathi ezinkulu nabemi ababiwa ezimbini lineempondo engomkhombe, elephant Indiya, Sumatran ingwe, malayan tapir, nengwe, enemizila ihagu, isiqithi Weaver, Malay ibhere, yasendle inja.

Phakathi iintaka gomray linomdla, Argus, boatbill, iintlobo eziliqela kukumagobo. Kubo ezirhubuluzayo kwi siqithi sifunyanwa eziphaphazelayo neempungutye gavials (iingwenya), iinyoka. Of emanzini legless umi caecilians. A lot of ezahlukeneyo izinambuzane, izilwanyana ezinamaqokobhe.

eziwela supervolcano

ISumatra Island kwimephu ayikho eyahlukileyo kakhulu ukusuka kumazwe asebumelwaneni, kodwa ke apha ukuba kwiminyaka 73.000 eyadlulayo kwakukho yintlekele epochal ukuba awuyitshintshanga le imbali Yomhlaba. Supervolcano dubulo okubangelwa ukuvela ekuthiwa-mlilo zasebusika, efana nuclear. Ukongeza 3000 km ³ ash emoyeni ezikhuphile isixa omkhulu acetic, wamqumbisa ngokubanzi imvula acid.

iminyaka emithandathu nge-langa walawula kubushushu obuphantsi ngendlela engaqhelekanga, iimvula acid abatshabalalisa utyani. yeminyaka elandelayo luphawulwa kuqala lungapholi kunye ezihambayo. Ngenxa yabantu elikhulu labantu asinda kuphela kakhulu clever - malunga 10 000 ngamalungu lweentlobo Homo sapiens entliziyweni Afrika. Enyanisweni, intlekele yendalo negalelo kuphuhliso "zivutha 'ukuba ingqondo yokuba ookhokho bethu.

chibi

ISumatra - siqithi kunye ezisingqongileyo ezimangalisayo zendalo. Le ingaka ibatsalayo kakhulu umxhelo zejoloji nenkcubeko sesona ichibi mlilo ehlabathini Toba, ezele mngxuma ingxilimbela ukuba supervolcano kakhulu. imilinganiso yalo (ubude - 100 km, ububanzi - 30 km, ubunzulu - 505 m) avumele ichibi ube yeyona inkulu e-Indonesia kunye yesibini (emva Lake Tonle Sap) e-mpuma Asia.

Chibi sisiqithi entle kwaveza. Idume ukuba indalo emangalisayo, indalo, inkcubeko yenene. Kukho kuphela amaSilamsi, kodwa ke abantu ebizwa ngokuba yiBatak. Bona - amaKristu amasiko esizwe olwahluke kakhulu, ubugcisa kunye ingakumbi bokwakha. Kwaveza incinane kakhulu, ubude ezikunxweme bayo - 111 km. Kodwa kule ndawo encinane ngokulungelelanisiweyo qete kwaye ziphuhliswe amaziko babatyeleli kunye mhlaba zendalo kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla nabalimi "engayi" Sumatran.

Nangona amanzi e Toba, elubala wayo, ubume emsi, eziyingqongileyo kunye microclimate embhoxo kunxweme lweMeditera. Ikhefu lo umbutho kuphela ukungabikho kwamaza esikhulu, ngokuba abahambi amaninzi inzuzo enkulu.

labantu

E Indonesia Kukho ngaphezu kwama-300 abantu, lo gama zeelwimi akhawunti 719 ephilileyo iilwimi zomthonyama. Malunga ne-90% lwabemi, kuqukwa iSumatra - Muslims. Inkoliso Islands ukwazi Indonesian, ngubani na engama-50 kuphela ubudala. Izisa ndawonye ezahlukeneyo kwezizwe nobuzwe kweli lizwe, kufundiswa ezikolweni, kulo eyinhloko uMaSukude-ndaba.

Kwingingqi entshona (Bank, eSumatra, Mentawai Islands, i Nqabakazi Ling kunye nabanye) kukho ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 zabantu, abathetha iilwimi 52. Emantla nasempuma iSumatra kunye iziqithi ezininzi esilawulwa i Malays emazantsi - i Isi-Javanese. Chinese kwaye isiXhobo bebekelwa kumaziko ezidolophini.

Emizini baphila ngaphantsi kwe kwisithathu yabemi. Major amakhulu:

• Medan - million 2.1 Abantu (2010).
• Palembang - 1.5 million (2010).
• Batam (Riau Islands) - 1.15 million (2012).
• Pekanbaru - 1.1 (2014).

Ku Central ezigudle ngeenxa chibi ilikhaya elihle kubantu - yiBatak. Okokuqala nje, wamangaliswa zabo fantastic bokwakha: emithathu esinemigangatho izindlu kusikhumbuza uNowa emkhombeni. abemi Indigenous ukuchaza ukuba umgangatho wokuqala ukuba izilwanyana ngaphambili emahlathini ebeyindoda yokulwa izilwanyana zasendle, indlu eyakhelwe njalo "ezinyaweni zakhe" (yasekelwa) ukhuseleko. Mntanam ubomi entsatsheni, yaye eliphezulu - imimoya. Nangona kuqinisa - amaKristu ngomoya ngokwenene ukukholwa, ngokuba ubukhulu ephantsi kophahla unokude igqithe imigangatho ezimbini zokuqala kunye. Xa yiBatak ekhaya (kwi siqithi lwabo malunga 6 million) bathetha ulwimi lwabo, kodwa uninzi engumnini lukazwelonke Indonesia. Abantu abaninzi baqonde IsiNgesi.