Umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi: imizekelo. Imisebenzi esemqoka iiprotheni

Iiproteni ezenzeka ngokwendalo khompawundi eziphilayo apho kukho isakhiwo macromolecular. Le molecule ezi zinto na nerazvetvlyayuschimsya Polymer. Iiproteni zakhelwe ukusuka acid 20. Bona molekyuli noshowo unit lincinane - monomer. Onke la macandelo oqhagamshelwano phakathi protein polypeptide, ngamanye amazwi - a urea, kwikhonkco kwikhonkco elide ngokwaneleyo. Kulo mzekelo, ubunzima molekyuli nga lisukela amawaka ezimbalwa ukuya kwizigidi amasuntswana atomic.

ingaba yintoni iproteni

Ukuze ubone msebenzi ungundoqo kwiproteni, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda isakhiwo ezi izinto. Okwangoku kukho iintlobo ezimbini eli candelo ebalulekileyo oluntu: ezinezikhondo kunye globular. Ukwahlula kubo ikakhulu ngenxa umahluko kubume kwemolekyuli protini.

into Globular enyibilikayo kakuhle nje kuphela ngamanzi kodwa izisombululo yetyuwa. Ngoko ke onjalo zinemoletyhule iproteni ngokumila ukulenza. Loo ukunyibilika olungileyo zingalula wachaza indawo zeentsalela acid acid ityala, leyo siphahlwe kwiqokobhe ukuxovwa, phezu komhlaba globule. Le nto inika ezinjalo abafowunelwa oluhle izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izakhi kwiqela globular kuquka zonke enzyme, kwakunye iiproteni phantse zonke eziphilayo asebenzayo.

Ngokuphathelele izinto ezinezikhondo, iimolekyuli yabo isakhiwo ezinezikhondo. Umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngoko ke kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso yokusebenza ngaphandle okunye. iiproteni Fibrillar musa ukuluhlakaza naziphi izisombululo ityuwa, nokuba emanzini eziqhelekileyo. molecule awo zicwangciswe ngokunxuseneyo kwi imixokelelwane polypeptide. izinto ezifana bayabandakanyeka ekubunjweni ezinye izinto noshowo kwizihlunu nokuqina. It elastin, zenziwe ngekeratini, collagen.

Iqela elikhethekileyo iiprothini ezimbaxa, eziquka kuphela acid acid kodwa nangenucleic acids, iikhabhohayidrethi kunye nezinye izinto. Zonke ezi macandelo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi. Ukongeza, izinto ezinjalo isicwangciso ngombala zokuphefumla, iihomoni, kwakunye ukhuseleko ethembekileyo nasiphi ephilayo. Biosynthesis ye kwiproteni lwenziwa phezu ribosome. Le nkqubo imiselwe umthombo usasazo nucleic.

Umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi

Catalysis kwezinto ezahlukeneyo kwemichiza - ngumsebenzi ibalulekileyo iiprothini. iinkqubo ezifanayo olwenziwe enzymes. Ziiproteni babe iipropati ezithile encedisa ukuqalisa imisebenzi. Nganye kwezi zinto Mayingathwalwa enye okanye eziliqela ukusabela efanayo. Enzyme catalyze inkqubo cleavage kweemolekyuli ezimbaxa kunye yokuqaphela zabo. Ngenye indlela, basabela kuthiwa catabolism kunye anabolism. Umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi kwaye ibandakanya nolungiso DNA phindana kunye RNA yokuqaphela matrix.

Yintoni catalysis

Kakade ngawo 2013, oosonzululwazi baye bafumanisa kancinane kwama-5000 enzymes. Ezi izinto bayakwazi ukuphembelela ekuhambeni phantse bonke basabele nemvelo. Ukuze ube umsebenzi kucace gca zokuphosa kweziyi, kubalulekile ukuqonda oko catalysis. Nolwimi lesiGrike ingqiqo liguqulelwe ngokuba 'kumiwe ". Catalysis utshintsho kwemali Velocity ngayo nayiphi na impendulo chemical. Oku kwenzeka phantsi isenzo iikhompawundi ezithile. Enzyme isebenze njenge ndlela iiproteni kuvala. Imizekelo yale meko zifumaneka rhoqo kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Nje umntu angababoni.

UMZEKELO umsebenzi encedisa ukuqalisa

Ukuze siqonde indlela yintshukumo enzyme, kubalulekile ukuqwalasela imizekelo embalwa. Ngoko ke, yintoni na umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi. imizekelo:

1. Ngexesha photosynthesis ribulezobifosfatkarboksilaza catalysis inika nitrogen of CO _2.
2. Iperoksayidi yehidrojeni ke isisihla mpilo kunye namanzi.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA.
4. Amylase yi lusicande unako tashi ku maltose.
5. Ukwehla kwezinga asidi: CO ₂ + H ₂ Owu + HCO ₃ ⁺ H.

Umsebenzi ekujonganeni kweziyi kukomeleza naziphi zinguquko imichiza. Oku kunxulumene reactions efanayo yokuqaphela, arhente sokonakalisa, i-atom ngamnye okanye ukudlulisela electron ukusuka kwicandelo ukuya kwelinye.

umsebenzi izithuthi

imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwiseli nganye kufuneka zigcinwe zizinto ezahlukeneyo ezo nje kuphela ngenxa yabo yokwakha, kodwa ke uhlobo lwe-eneji. Imisebenzi eziphilayo ziquka iiprothini kunye nezithuthi. Ezi ziqendu zinikwa esiseleni yonke into ebalulekileyo, kuba inwebu ngeglasi kwiiseli ezininzi lipids. Kulapha kwaye kukho iindidi ngeendidi iiprothini. Kulo mzekelo, imimandla esibamba zonke swi phezu komhlaba kunye imisila - Ebubanzini le ndizayo. Esi sakhiwo akavumi ukuba ukungena kungena iiseli na izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu - ion zesinyithi kwealkali, acid kunye iswekile. Iiproteni zadluliselwa zonke ezi amacandelo kwizisele nokondliwa yabo. Ngokomzekelo, ihemoglobin ethwala ioksijini.

receptor

Umsebenzi ophambili kwiproteni kuphela ukunika iiseli amandla eziphilayo, kodwa kunceda ukuchonga imiyalezo evela kwi zangaphandle kokusingqongileyo kunye ezikufuphi iiseli. Owona mzekelo iphawulekayo le nto - le receptor acetylcholine, nto leyo ukwakweli inwebu lwabafowunelwa malunga interneural. Le nkqubo ngokwayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Iiproteni enze umsebenzi receptor kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo kunye acetylcholine iboniswe ngendlela ethile. Ngenxa yoko, ngaphakathi kwiseli wadlulisela umqondiso. Noko ke, emva kwexesha elithile, loo neurotransmitter kufuneka isuswe. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, iseli uya kuba nako ukufumana uphawu entsha. Oku lo msebenzi wenziwa ngomnye iienzymes - atsetilholtnesteraza eyenza lokwahlukana gidrolizatsetilholina choline kunye acetate.

kukhuseleko

Amajoni omzimba nawuphi ophilayo nako ukuphendula kukuvela amasuntswana angaphandle emzimbeni. Kulo mzekelo, neprothini luvuliwe zikhusela. Xa umzimba, kukho uphuhliso inani elikhulu lymphocyte, ezinako ukukulumkisela umonakalo i yayintsholongwane eyosulela iintsholongwane, macromolecules, kunye nezinye iiseli zomhlaza. Enye yezi maqela kwezinto iiproteni ezithile isizukulwana esizayo - immunoglobulins. Lo ulwabiwo ezi zinto kwi egazini. Le immunoglobulins baqaphele amasuntswana angaphandle kwaye enze nqanaba intshabalalo kakhulu ezithile ethile entsonkothileyo. Ngoko bamthwala zikhusela kwiproteni.

zesakhiwo

umsebenzi protein ekwiseli azithathelwa ngqalelo ukuba umntu. Ezinye izinto ezi zibaluleke kakhulu zesakhiwo. Ezi proteni zinika amandla ngoomatshini ukuya ancedisana ngamnye eziphilayo. Okokuqala, ukuba collagen. Eli candelo ephambili matrix extracellular kuzo zonke izicwili nokuqina emzimbeni ephilileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ezanyisayo collagen yenza malunga ne-25% ye-ubunzima lilonke iiprothini. Yindibanisela eli candelo kwenzeka fibroblasts. Ezi ziiseli ezisisiseko nayiphi kwizicwili. Owayesakuba procollagen. Le nto njengomanduleli kwaye iikhemikhali, ekukho phakathi igcwala of hydroxyproline ukuba proline iintsalela, kunye gidrksilina iintsalela lysine. Collagen iveliswa ngokohlobo ngemixokelelwane ezintathu peptide, aphothwe waziva.

Yinto na yonke imisebenzi iiprothini. Biology - kakhulu isayensi oluxandileyo, ekuvumela ukuba ukuchonga ukuqonda iziganeko ezininzi ezenzeka emzimbeni womntu. umsebenzi ngamnye kwiproteni lidlala indima ekhethekileyo. Ngoko, kwi ancedisana ilastiki, ezifana lung, emithanjeni kunye isikhumba elastin. Le iproteni uyakwazi olule uze ubuyele imilo yayo yoqobo.

motor protein

Muscle nokuncipha - inkqubo apho uguqulo lwamandla egcinwe ngohlobo ATP molecule e amakhonkco pyrophosphate macroergic, ezizezi ukusebenza ngoomatshini. Kulo mzekelo, umsebenzi kwiproteni esiseleni asebenza myosin kunye actin. Ngamnye kubo uneempawu zawo.

Myosin ine isakhiwo engaqhelekanga. Le iproteni iqulathe filamentary ngokwaneleyo elide isabelo - umsila, kwakunye neentloko ezininzi globular. Myosin iyekelela, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokohlobo hexamer. Eli candelo ziphelile ngakumbi ngemixokelelwane ziyafana polypeptide, nganye eneyazo ubunzima beemolekyuli amawaka-200, kwaye kananjalo 4 neentsontelo ubunzima ogama ezinto ngu amawaka kuphela 20.

Actin yi iproteni globular apho uyakwazi ukuba polymerize. Xa le nto yakha isakhiwo ngokwaneleyo elide, nto leyo kuthiwa F-actin. Kuphela abakwicandelo enjalo urhulumente unako ngokuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisana kunye myosin.

Imizekelo imisebenzi ephambili iiprotheni

yesibini ngamnye iiseli esiphilayo kuthi iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo eziya kuba nzima ngaphandle njengeprotini. Umzekelo umsebenzi receptor ezinjalo izinto unako ukukhonza njenge iiseli umyalezo adrenoceptor eqale adrenaline. Xa baboniswa yokubola ukukhanya rhodopsin. Le nto iqala indlela kunye wand waguquka.

Ngokubhekiselele kwiimpawu zezakhiwo, umzekelo kakhulu kulo mzekelo ayanceda ifuthe collagen. Le nto inika ancedisana nokuqina of luthambe kakhulu.

Umzekelo umsebenzi zothutho mpilo oyiphetheyo ioksijini ehlabathini umzimba ophilileyo.

Ekuphetheni

Oku yonke imisebenzi esisiseko yebhayoloji yolo iiprothini. Ngamnye kubo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba esiphilayo. Kulo msebenzi ezithile luyenziwa protein ahambelanayo. Ukungabikho amasebe kunokubangela ezizuzwa ngokwamalungu ezithile kunye neenkqubo emzimbeni.