Yintoni na le madhhab in Islam?

Ukuze ufumanise ukuba yintoni na nendlela izikolo lengqiqo Islam ezininzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukunika ingcaciso ecacileyo kule kota. Kwakhona kubalulekile ukwazi iingcambu imvelaphi yayo kunye nophuhliso.

Yintoni na?

Igama elithi "madhhab" liguqulelwe Arabic ngokuthi "ulwalathiso". Abanye ulinike intsingiselo yegama elithi "endleleni". Mazhab Islam - eli faqih based yokufundisa (ngamanye umphengululi zomthetho) ukuba isidanga se ijtihad. Ngaphezu koko, zonke ezi ntsingiselo zisekelwe ngezithethe Qur'anic.

Ngoko ke, lo madhhab in Islam - isikolo ngokusemthethweni, nto leyo na umsebenzi omnye izazinzulu okuqala, kwakunye njengabalandeli Imam ezinegalelo kuphuhliso layo, lo gama ekuhlonipheni imigaqo ebalulekileyo kunye iziseko esabekwa ngutitshala.

A incinane

Owasungula le izazinzulu yokuqala bakholelwa Abu Hanifah i-Nu'man ibn Sabbah al-Imam al-ezisisiseko. Yavele ngenkulungwane VIII, kwaye igqalwa umsunguli iindlela Abu Hanif yokusebenzisa imigaqo izigwebo esinengqiqo ukhetha yokujongana nemiba yomthetho. Ungqinile ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa imigaqo esisiseko ngokwesiko njengomthombo yomthetho (Quran kunye Sunnah).

imihlobo madhab

Madhhab in Islam - yinto neziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ngokwaneleyo inkcubeko Muslim. Oku kuquka inkqubo ulwazi, sivela afundise abafundi, ukususela kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana.

Ngoko ke, indlela izikolo lengqiqo Islam ezininzi? Xa zizonke, apho kukho ezintandathu. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lethu, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kabanzi babe Madhab 4 kuphela Islam. Ezi ziquka:

- Hanafi;

- Maliki;

- Shafi'i;

- Hanbali.

Omnye uMthetho School, zahiritskaya, ngoku wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo, kwaye Ja'fari isasazeke kuphela phakathi Shiites.

Bonke babe yinto eqhelekileyo yaye ebaluleke kakhulu - ukuba zisekelwe kwi-Koran, leyo ichazwa Sunnah, ukucinga ngombandela nokuqiqisisa iimfundiso. Abanye babo baye umahluko omkhulu.

Hanafi creed

Ngokwangoku, kwiRiphabliki Tatarstan Islam Hanafi creed beyazi esisiseko. Ukuba wasebenzisa kwimibhiyozo yonqulo olungelulo. Nangona yokuba ngokusesikweni kukho 4 Madhab e Islam, Hanafi ithathwa ofanele kakhulu ukunikela iimeko. Okwangoku, akazange aphulukane ukufaneleka kwayo kwaye gqolo ukubeka isiseko sengqondo ukumelana nezinye iinkonzo ezikhoyo.

Ingqalelo zizazinzulu isekelwe imithombo efana Quran, Sunnah, Qiyas (oko kukuthi, isigqibo ingxaki ngokusemthethweni Isifaniso noko sele zibhaliwe encwadini yeSityhilelo), istihan, ijma (okanye uluvo ngokubanzi bezakwalizwi), kwakunye noluvo sesiNtu othandwayo.

Enye indlela nezigwebo kule mfundiso emigangatho zizigwebo abaphathi besikolo engqongqo (ezifana ngunozala yesikolo Abu Hanifa). Ukuba umbuzo kuvela ephambili isoloko kunikwa ngokokubona uninzi okanye amayeza akuqinisekisa.

Iinzame ze ngunozala kwalo abafundi besikolo umthetho Abu Hanifa kwakhokelela ekubeni imfundiso uthe waba nako ukusombulula phantse zonke iingxaki fiqh.

isikolo Maliki

UMdali isikolo Muslim kuthathwa Malik Ibn Anas. Isiseko kunikezelo kwemimiselo yezomthetho ngayo, Kakade ke, wabeka iKoran. Ibn Anas Malik wayekholelwa ukuba Sunnah - kuba izenzo kunye nokuvunywa uMprofethi Muhammad and "usebenza Medinites".

isikolo Maliki of ingcamango ithi xa kukho umba othile kungacacanga encwadini yeSityhilelo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa isicombululo kunazo ayethanda kule ngxaki, akukhathaliseki nokuba okanye ukuzoba isifaniso kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

A isici esasenza yesikolo Maliki umthetho kukuba iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo, yaye ukongezelela izithethe isigwebo lusekiwe. Egqugqisileyo uthe izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa kwinxalenye yamaMuslim Spain kunye naseMntla Afrika.

isikolo Shafi'i

Zonke madhhab abane Islam - ayikho nje izigqibo Imam, ukuze koko weza apha ekuhambeni ukufunda iitekisi engcwele, ezizezi nentsingiselo ukutyhilwa Koran. Ngoko ke, ukubambelela imfundiso ethile, akukho mfuneko yokuba balandele kwizigqibo ezithile Imam. Stick ukuya madhhab kuthetha ukuba uyavumelana kunye nokuqonda imibhalo engcwele cazelo leyo ekhokelela mfundisi.

Kubhekwa umsunguli yesikolo umthetho Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i. iindlela zakhe zisekelwe intsingiselo ecacileyo ngqo kweQur'an kunye Sunnah, ezinye iintsilelo ekusetyenzisweni kwezenzo engcono.

indlela Shafi'i yayisekelwe ukwalela usingiselo imibhalo. Yiloo nto ke ngokokutyhilwa meko kufuneka abazange sebesazi zokuthetha, kunye nabo bonke abanye imibhalo kwafuneka ukuba kuziswa ngokuhambelana indawo olufanayo Qur'an Sunnah.

Okwangoku esikolweni asemthethweni Shafi'i isagquba phakathi ngabazalwane kuMbindi Mpuma, ngokunjalo esithembekileyo South-East Asia.

Izikolo Hanbali iingcinga

Ngunozala le ndlela esemthethweni Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, yona yayakhelayo imfundiso yabo mithombo ilandelayo:

- Qur'an Sunnah;

- izimvo kumaqabane (ukuba kukho nayiphi na iindawana zongquzulwano lwezimvo ukunika imiyalelo esikufutshane imiyalelo zemigangatho Quran);

- Qiyas, okt uthelekiso kunye iingxaki esele isonjululwa kuqwalaselwe ukuxambulisana ISityhilelo;

- ijma - iziphetho izizukulwana eziliqela bewenza.

Esi sikolo sibonelela ukwenza uphando kuyo yonke imicimbi yonqulo, ngaphandle kokwenza naziphi ngaphandle.

Le amahlelo ezahlukeneyo?

Mazhabs ezingafaniyo Islam, eyinhloko yayo ezi zilandelayo: hanabalitsky ukususela ekusekweni kwayo kwixesha langoku ngamandla iqonda lokuvala "Amasango ijtihad". Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba phantsi ibinzana elikhankanyiweyo libhekisela kwimisebenzi yenkolo, ezijolise ukufunda nokusombulula iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo ngezakwaLizwi kwakunye nenkqubo-siseko, iindlela kunye neengxoxo ezisetyenziswa osiyazi kule nkqubo.

Zonke ezinye izikolo umthetho ngaxa lithile ngexesha aye wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba "amasango ijtihad" kufuneka ivalwe kwimiba fiqh, nesele kufundwe iinkcukacha kwaye basebenze ngqo wabaseki izikolo iingcamango kunye nabalandeli babo. Ngelo xesha kwimiba asakhulayo, lo mgaqo akazange isicelo, kwaye kuxhomekeke kuvavanyo zomthetho enyanzelekileyo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba zonke ezi mfundiso ayebekwa, yaye akazange kukhule bodwa omnye komnye. Kunoko, kuphuhliso kwezi zikolo zomthetho basebenzisane ezihlobeneyo. Eyona ubungqina ibalulekileyo yale nyaniso kukuba iimfundiso wabaseki data kwi ngexesha elinye abafundi kunye nabalandeli ngalinye enye. Kulo mba, intsingiselo esisiseko kunye nenkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni kuzo zonke izikolo phantse efanayo.

inani

Mazhab Islam kubalulekile. Umzekelo, ikholwa othi akumelanga ukuba nayiphi na imithetho yesikolo komthetho, ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo ukuze ulahlekiswe kunye, ngakumbi, belahlekisa namanye amakholwa. Namahlelo Islam - nesikhokelo ezingundoqo ngalo ikholwa nga ngokuzimeleyo ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ukuthembeka hadith.

Banika ikholwa ithuba ukuchaza zokuziphatha zabo ukukhetha indlela ekufuphi yaye izimvo zesimo likholwa, echanekileyo.

Into ekufuneka uyazi mazhabs

Ukuba iyitshinizele noko amahlelo anayo Islam, kuyimfuneko ukuba banikele ingqalelo yokuba bonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bengengabo iintshukumo zonqulo "izimbo" yobomi bemihla ngemihla. Bona ijikwa ngomthi ikholwa kubomi banamhlanje. Ayikwazi ngokuthi, umzekelo, amahlelo US of Islam Yinyani okanye Asiyonyani. Xa naziphi na iimfundiso ikholwa ngamnye ukuze bakwazi ukufumana amanqaku kuzo ebezintle nezo zingentle.

Abanawo ezahlukene omnye komnye. ukubaluleka yabo ixhomekeke kwinto yokuba bakubekela imizekelo kubomi amaSilamsi ngubani na kukhokela izigqibo kwiimeko engakhankanywanga kule migaqo zeZibhalo.

Noko ke, ukuba umntu akathanga ngqo iziseko kwisikolo komthetho, oku akuthethi ukuba akukho ukholo, yaye ngokuqinisekileyo eli imeko ayikwazi kubalulwa njenge "isono".

Madhhab - alikho kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukuba ilandelwe, yaye yintoni na ikholwa ikhokelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, yintoni kumnceda enze isigqibo esifanelekileyo kwimeko elinikiweyo.

Ngenxa yoko ke, unqulo amaSilamsi, kukho abaninzi Ukukholelwa ukuba angabi nakukubuza kwaye musa ukuba ukutyhilwa kwephupha elo. Kuba yemfundiso ezinjalo ziquka inkolelo yokuba ubukho Allah, inkolelo abaprofeti, Hajj kunye nabanye.

Kuba neminye imibuzo, ngesisombululo apho kukho ezinye mahluko, kukho ekuthiwa-school umthetho esekelwe ubulumko, amava, ukuqonda kunye nentlonipho izimvo zabanye.

iimfundiso Orthodox musa balawule imithetho yobomi abathembekileyo, kodwa ukunceda nje ukwenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima kunye nemiba ubomi nzima.