Khalifa - ngubani na le nto? Imbali ukuvela kwe Caliphate

Intsingiselo "likaCaliph" anokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "ezihlangwini" okanye "lisekela". Esi sihloko unikwa kuphela amaSilamsi abakhethekileyo, ukholo nokuzinikela Allah yayingazani imida.

Umbusi - inkokeli Muslim ngubani inyulelwa ukuba akhokele izinto ezingenamsebenzi nobomi yokomoya lizwe. Kodwa ulawulo wakhe wayengekho unlimited, ekubeni yayiyimini bekufanele ukuba bathobele imithetho ebhaliweyo kwi-Shari'ah. Ngexesha kokurhoxa konegunya yenyaniso silindelwe nje kuphela kukudelwa amaSilamsi, kodwa kwezinye iimeko kungaba ukufa. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Inkangeleko i likaCaliph yokuqala

Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na umbusi, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo yabo imvelaphi emhlabeni Muslim.

Yonke le nto yaqala uMprofeti uMuhammad, owakwaziyo yokuhlanganisa izizwe alwayo phantsi ibhanile enye ukholo. Kuba lo weza ukuba iziqu ngathi njengengcwele, iye okunikwa yi Allah ngamandla kabani kunye nolwazi. Kodwa ke, njengaye nawuphi na ofayo, uMohammed wayelindele ukufa. Emva kokufa uMprofeti kwafuneka ukufumana inkokheli omtsha, ukuze imigudu bakhe akulambathanga.

Ngoko ke, ngo-632 endleleni Muhammad waqhubeka umfundi wakhe othembekileyo - Abu Bakr. Yilaa amandla akhe nje ubukho kangangeminyaka emibini kuphela, njengaku-634, wafa ngesiquphe ngenxa yesifo esinganyangekiyo.

Sekunjalo, yena Watyala imbewu. Kwaye ukususela ucaliph - isihloko enika umntu kuthathwa vicegerent umprofeti emhlabeni. amagama kunye nezenzo zakhe kufuneka ukuze kuzuze zonke iintlanga bamaSilamsi ngaloo ukuzukisa Allah.

Imbali i Caliphate

Ngoko nangoko emva kokufa Abu Muslim isihloko inkokeli wadlulela Umar. Okokuqala, waqala amaphulo zomkhosi, injongo yaba ukoyisa ezweni elo, amaRoma. Yaye wakwenza oko gu kakuhle kakhulu, njengoko wakwazi ukwaphula imikhosi aseByzantium namaPersi, ogama imikhosi ngelo xesha bezibhekiselwe. Umar nabo bakwazi ukuthatha iYerusalem. Kodwa ukufa lixoki kwaye uyoyika, khawuthathe njengegorha ngolu hlobo. Ubomi bakhe wachacha kunyaka 644.

Yintoni likaCaliph, zingaqondwa kakuhle yinkokeli wesithathu amaSilamsi, ubuncinane njengoko mbali abaninzi becinga. Uthman ibn Affan akazange kwahluka kangako ngomoya, ngokuchaseneyo ababengaphambi kwakhe. Xa inani layo bakhe, wazuza abahlobo nezalamane ukuba wamvusa amathandabuzo malunga ngobulumko bakhe nobulungisa kwezinye Muslims. Kwaye nangona kwathabatha ilizwe enkulu efana Sogdian, kusekho amaSilamsi ababengaxolanga abaqalise umbuso bambulala.

Waba wesine, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Waye usisizalwane uMprofeti uMuhammad, okanye mandithi umzala wayo. Saba "ukhozo imbambano", nto leyo ekugqibeleni ukwahlula ihlabathi Muslim ibe Cartoon ne US. Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe, ilizwe ibangela yimfazwe yamakhaya nemfazwe ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi, akumangalisi ukuba wafa ngenxa incakuba anetyhefu. Emva kwale uvulele ngenxa etroneni likaCaliph waqhubeka rhoqo.

Kwimbali neenkokheli ezine zokuqala ekuthiwa amalungisa, njengoko bema imvelaphi Islam. Kuyinto ngenxa izenzo zabo Inkolo yamaMuslim ukuba abhacele njalo ngokubanzi ehlabathini lonke, nto leyo kunye nezigidi amakholwa.

Umahluko phakathi Sunnis and Shiites

Zonke nokuhamba kwemali likaCaliph ukholo Muslim - obu ubungqina uMprofeti Muhammad eMhlabeni. Kodwa ingxaki kukuba Sunnis kwaye Shiites baneembono ezahlukeneyo ngubani babe.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho emasikweni Sunnis, inkokeli yoluntu kungaba naliphi Muslim ogama angenele efanele iimfuno ze elifuna (iseti imithetho e-Islam). Uninzi neenkokheli kwimbali kwakukho Sunnis, ekubeni eli sebe of Islam elona nani likhulu amarhamente.

I Shiites baneembono ngalo mbandela - gxebe, amandla likaCaliph nga akunike izalamane kuphela ngqo of Muhammad. Kungenxa yoko le nto yonke neenkokheli Ngokufanelekileyo-Bakhokelwa bayabona kuphela Ali Ibn Abu Talib. Nakule iphela abalawuli Caliphate ezimbalwa ukusuka kwi US wahlala etroneni.

Umbusi: kwinkcazelo contenders ukuba isihloko

Ukuze abe ngumlawuli, kwakudingeka ukuba ahambelane imithetho engqongqo ka elifuna. Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo ucaliph - yinto umntu lowo ukholwayo isibophelelo ukukhusela imida yehlabathi Muslim, ukuba iphonononge ubulunga bobomi babemi bayo, ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho bamzukise Islam phambi nezinye iinkolo.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho kwemithetho ucaliph Cartoon kufuneka baphumeze iikhrayitheriya zilandelayo.

1. Oku kunokuba ibe yindoda kuphela.
2. Umenzi-sicelo kufuneka abe Muslim ilungisa wazi yonke imithetho elifuna.
3. Yiba ingqondo kwaye musa ukuba yesifo awazalwa enaso.
4. Yiba ingqiqo yobulungisa yaye ukoyika ingozi.

Yona ke ugqatso, ukugqithisela bebukuye Quraish, kodwa abameli bezinye izizwe Arab sibe neenkokheli. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba kwakungelilo Arabhu, isihloko na umvuzo kunye umntu omhlophe, ukuba kuphela wayekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo ku Allah phakathi abaviwa.