Yintoni na ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga?

ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga - iseti iinkolelo, ezo zisekelwe kwingcamango ukungalingani iintlanga, ukuba ukongama omnye ngaphezu kwezinye iintlanga. Igama elithi "ubuhlanga" okokuqala ngo-1932.

Yintoni na ucalucalulo?

Ucalucalulo - isithintelo okanye ukuhluthwa amalungelo (amancedo) amaqela ezithile zentlalo okanye uhlanga esekelwe ngesondo, iimpawu zobuhlanga, iinkolelo zezopolitiko okanye zonqulo. Ucalulo ngazo ngokwayo kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu. Umzekelo, kwinqanaba loluntu kuthatha uhlobo umda ukufikelela kwimfundo okanye inzuzo.

Namhlanje, ucalucalulo (ngokobuhlanga, ngokwesini, nenkolo) kugwetywa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Nokungalali amalungelo nenkululeko nangaziphina izizathu kuchasene kwinkqubo mihla lwamaxabiso.

Ukuvela ubuhlanga

Ukuvela ubuhlanga ibhekisela kwixesha qha yokuqala yaseYurophu kunye nezinye izizwe, t. E. To i- Age of Discovery. Ngeli xesha, kuvunwe ukuxhuzula indawo, soloko ilandelwa ngokutshatyalaliswa ngabantu bomthonyama, kwavela imfundiso yokuqala emncinane amaqela athile izizwe. iye ivele lobuhlanga White kwi amathanga yaseYurophu eMerika, eAfrika Asia.

Ngowe-1855 wapapasha incwadi yi-mbali French Zhozefa De Gobineau othi "isincoko ukungalingani iintlanga zabantu." Umbhali abeke phambili ithisisi ifuthe ubume ngokobuhlanga zamaqela athile kuphuhliso ezi zizwe kunye nempumelelo yazo civilizational. Zhozef De Gobineau ingqalelo umseki nordism (uhlobo calulo esekelwe kubuhlanga, ingcamango ukongama uhlanga Nordic phezu enye). Kwincwadi yakhe mbali luchonge ezintathu ezinkulu iintlanga: namhlophe, naziiperile namnyama. Ngomkhulu kuqala enye yokusebenza ngokwasemzimbeni nasengqondweni. Indawo esembindini phakathi "kwabantu abamhlophe" uthabathe Aryans. Xa nqanaba embindini lwemigangatho ngokobuhlanga, ngokutsho Gobineau, kukho "omthubi", yaye emazantsi kuhlala 'abamnyama'.

Iinzame ethethelela ubuhlanga zenzululwazi

Emva theory esilwela Zhozefa De Gobineau kaThixo yaphuhliswa zizazinzulu ezininzi. Nazi zadibana eziphambili kuphuhliso izimvo yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga:

• Georges de Lyapuzh Your - ideology elinobuhlanga, isiFrentshi, kunye yokuhlalisana. Ndayibeka phambili ithisisi ukuba isalathisi cranial (index cephalad) yeyona nto ephambili echaphazela indawo yomntu kuluntu. Kulo mba European Lyapuzh yahlulwe ngamaqela ama-3: kudala-headed brown ukukhanya (amandla ezahlukeneyo kunye nobukrelekrele) iinwele brachycephalic emnyama (malogenialnaya race), neenwele ezimnyama elide-intloko.
• NguGustave Le Bon - kwabantu, French kunye nombhali "Psychology sezizwe kunye iindimbane." Bakholwa ukuba ukungalingani kunye ucalulo ngokobuhlanga - an imo injongo zempilo yoluntu.
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain - kwabantu German. Ndayibeka phambili ingcamango ukongama wesizwe waseJamani. Wayedlala yokulondolozwa ekulondolozweni "ukusulungeka iintlanga." Kwincwadi "Iziseko kwinkulungwane XIX" wathi Aryans aba zizigidimi impucuko, ngoxa amaYuda siyonakalise.

Ubuhlanga eUnited States: Negros okanye abamnyama?

ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eUnited States lisukela emva kokusekwa karhulumente. I-American amaNdiya ingqalelo (abantu bomthonyama) kunguhata kunye Negros. amalungelo Civil kuphela baba "abantu abamhlophe." amakhoboka wokuqala omnyama kwaziswa bezithanga IsiNgesi kummandla lizwe kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XVII. abasebenzi lwekhoboka Afrika ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa kwicandelo nsimu, ingakumbi kwi- United States.

Ngokusesikweni, nokuphelisa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga eUnited States laqala ngo 1808. Kulo nyaka, urhulumente Congress lakuphelisa ukuthunyelwa waya kwilizwe abasebenzi abatsha abamnyama. Ngowe-1863, ubukhoboka kwayekwa ngokusemthethweni. Esi siganeko sabhalwa ngo-1865 kwi iZilungiso-13 ukuya kwi -siseko US.

Nangona kokuyekiswa kobukhoboka, kweli xesha, yande kolwahlulo ngokobuhlanga - uhlobo yocalucalulo ngokobuhlanga, umkhuba umda abantu abamnyama imimandla ezahlukeneyo abahlala okanye uwafake kumaziko athile (umzekelo, izikolo). Ngokusemthethweni, uye khona kusukela 1865.

inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekupheliseni nobuhlanga eUnited States kuye kwabakho kuphela phakathi kwenkulungwane XX. Uye anxulunyaniswa eliqela imithetho emitsha ukuba alinganayo amalungelo baseMerika, amaNdiya abamnyama.

Imisebenzi ye-Ku Klux Klan

Ku Klux Klan - Imibutho ekunene, apho kwavela US ngo 1865. Ucalulo (ubuhlanga) emnyama yaye intshabalalo ebonakalayo injongo yayo ephambili. Isiseko imfundiso yembono ye-Ku Klux Klan waye ingcamango ukongama uhlanga emhlophe phezu kwabanye.

A iinyani ezinika umdla ezimbalwa ukusuka kwimbali lombutho:

• Ku Klux Klan ezintathu abanamava imvuselelo. Ngowe-1871, lo mbutho ichithiwe ngenxa okokuqala. Emva kokuba imvuselelo kwinkulungwane ekuqaleni XX, i-Ku Klux Klan uza kuyeka ukusebenza ngexesha Second World War. Kuvuselelwa entsha lombutho ibhekisela-1970.
• izinxibo abahlekisayo kunxitywa ngamalungu KKK baba oyikisayo ngokwenene. Ke kwakuba yokwaleka ebanzi, iminqwazi elide ezitsolo kunye iimaski.
• Namhlanje, i-Ku Klux Klan ayikho umbutho omnye. Amaziko ngamnye imisebenzi yayo akhoyo kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

Ubuhlanga eYurophu: nordism kunye nococeko ngokobuhlanga

Nordism - calulo (ngokobuhlanga), nto leyo eye zande eYurophu ngenkulungwane XX, ingakumbi e-Germany yamaNazi. Oku kusekelwe kwingcamango ukongama Nordic (Aryan) ngokobuhlanga phezu kwabanye. Nordism Abaseki kunye ideologues yayo engundoqo ingqalelo kwezentlalo French Zhozef De Gobineau kunye Georges de Lyapuzh wakho.

ukubandlululwa ngokobuhlanga abavela kwi-nkqubo ngamaNazi eJamani ayesekelwe ebizwa ngokuba yi-ucoceko ngokobuhlanga. Le nto iye yaziswa kwi revolution lwezenzululwazi, Alfred Ploetz. Rassenschande wawuqondiswa nxamnye iintlanga isiJuda - amaYuda. Ngaphezu koko, wathi iintlanga enasilela kunye nezinye: isiFrentshi, Gypsies kunye nokuxubana. E Germany yamaNazi, amaYuda ekuqaleni ngaphandle kubomi qoqosho nopolitiko kurhulumente. Noko ke, kakade 1938 uqala ukutshatyalaliswa ebonakalayo lonke uhlanga isiJuda. ekuqaleni kwawo nyangweni "Crystal Night" - a pogrom eqhutywa lonke eJamani, Austria kunye neeyunithi SA inxenye exhobileyo.

ubuhlanga Ukunqanda

Namhlanje, umzabalazo wokulwa ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga na injongo onke amazwe lwentando yesininzi. Imida yamalungelo oluntu kunye neenkululeko ngokunxamnye amaxabiso yoluntu namhlanje. Kweli thuba ukususela ngowe-1951 ukuya kowe-1995, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe, iqela amaxwebhu, umgwebe kwaye owalela ucalulo kuyo nayiphi na izizathu (ngokohlanga, isini okanye inkolo). Indawo phezu inadmissibility le ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko ekhoyo kwi-European Convention on Human Rights. Kumazwe amaninzi mihla kwi uSuku Against uCalucalulo Ubuhlanga (ngoMatshi 21) ebibanjelwe irallie ubunzima kunye neentetho.