Yintoni ngemicroscope? Uhlalutyo olunzulu

Eli nqaku lichaza into ngemicroscope, yintoni na ukuba, yintoni iindidi kukho kunye nembali indalo yayo.

Amaxesha amandulo

Kwimbali yabantu, kukho zisoloko abo abanelisekanga inkcazelo yebhayibhile yesakhiwo behlabathi, yayiza ukuqonda uhlobo izinto kunye ubuntu babo. Okanye ngubani musa bayinike kwabantu womlimi eziqhelekileyo okanye weentlanzi neYunivesithi efanayo.

Zezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu ezifunyenwe ngexesha Renaissance, xa abantu baqala ukuqonda ukubaluleka isifundo wehlabathi kunye nezinye izinto. Ingakumbi kule kwabanceda izixhobo ezahlukeneyo woqondo - yerediyo kunye iimikroskopu. Ngoko ke yintoni na neemicroscope? Ngubani na odale ngayo nalapho le ifowuni isetyenziswa ngexesha lethu?

definition

Okokuqala, sichaza nkcazelo esemthethweni kakhulu. Ngokutsho kuyo, neemicroscope - isixhobo okufumana umfanekiso enkulu okanye isakhiwo. Ukususela kweteleskopu efanayo ungachazwa ukuba imfuneko isifundo yezinto ezincinane kufuphi, hayi imigama yesiqalo. Kungenxa ezithile igama nombhali wolu fyabo ayaziwa, kodwa kwimbali walondoloza ngokukhankanywa abantu abambalwa aba nayiqalayo ukuba bayisebenzise kwaye yakhiwe. Ngokutsho kwabo, 1590, a umDatshi ogama Ioann Lippersgey thaca wokusungula eluntwini. ubuqambi yayo nguye futhi yaye uZekariya Janssen. Kwaye ngo 1624 i ezaziwayo-kakuhle uGalileo Galilei akha isixhobo efanayo.

Ukuze ukuba ngemicroscope enjalo ukuphanda, kodwa nefuthe isayensi? Phantse kangangoko iteleskopu yakhe "isihlobo". Nakuba bakudala, kodwa le fowuni kunokwenzeka ukoyisa ukungafezeki iliso yoluntu kunye ukukhangela kungena sekuba. Nayo ke kamva wenza ezifunyaniswe ezininzi kummandla eziphilayo, ngezinambuzane, Botany kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi.

Yintoni ngemicroscope, ke ngoku icace, kodwa apho asasebenza?

isayensi

Biology, physics, chemistry - zonke ezi nkalo inzululwazi zisoloko zifuna ukuba bakhangele kakuhle izinto azibonileyo amehlo ethu okanye iglasi elula abakwazi ukubona. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso amayeza mihla ngaphandle kwezi zixhobo; Akukho wenza yokuvela, sichaza iintlobo zezifo, izifo, kwaye kutshanje Akwazi ukuba 'umfanekiso'-DNA chain kwabantu.

Physics, bonke ezahlukeneyo kancinane, ngokukodwa abo kwimimandla walo usebenze isifundo kwamasuntswana nezakhiwo kunye nezinye izinto ezincinci. Kukho khulu Ilabhoratri zisenokwahluka ukusuka njengesiqhelo, eqhelekileyo izixhobo ezisebenzisa ukunceda kancinci ukubuyisela nabo ixesha elide beza kunye zokubetha-elektroniki. Le yokugqibela ikuvumela ukuba ungathanda ukufumana ukwanda umxhelo, kodwa ukubhalisa atom ngamnye iimolekyuli.

Oku kwakhona kubangelwa, kunye wolwaphulo mthetho, nto ezo zixhobo ziyimfuneko ukufumanisa ubungqina, uthelekiso eneenkcukacha iminwe kunye nezinye izinto.

Ayikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle iimikroskopu nabaphengululi zehlabathi lamandulo, ezifana kwesayensi kunye zakudala. Iyimfuneko ukulungiselela uviwo oluneenkcukacha iintsalela zezityalo, amathambo izilwanyana nabantu kunye neemveliso ngumntu-ezenziwe zaphawula adlulileyo. Waye endleleni, ilebhu esinamandla sibe free ukuthenga yokusetyenziswa zizo. Noko ke, asingabo bonke bephela singanakho. Uqwalaselo olubukhali kwezi ntlobo izixhobo.

iintlobo

Okokuqala, eziphambili kakhulu - sisikhanyiso optical. izixhobo okunjalo unayo kuyo nantoni na isikolo eklasini biology. It is a iseti lens ngobude adjustable kunye sisipili yokucacisa into. Ngamanye amaxesha indawo yayo ithathwe kumthombo elizimeleyo wokukhanya. Umongo ngemicroscope enjalo ukutshintsha ubude spectrum ibonakale optical.

Okwesibini - kuba elektroniki. Wenza nzima kakhulu ngakumbi. Ngamagama alula, ombala ukukhanya okubonakalaliswayo 390 ukuya 750 NM. Ke ukuba injongosenzi, umzekelo, virus -cell of a esiphilayo ingaphantsi, ngoko ukukhanya iza kuhamba nje ngokungathi ayikwazi ngesiqhelo ziboniswe. Isixhobo efanayo zibangele ezi zithintelo: lo mhlaba otsalayo wenza amaza ukukhanya "ukubhitya", nto ke leyo ebangele ukuba uyakwazi ukubona izinto zincinane. Oku kubalulekile ingakumbi kweli inzululwazi, ngathi eziphilayo. Neemicroscope yale hlobo mkhulu kakhulu ukukhanya optical.

Kwaye ke wesithathu - yinto uhlobo probe. A lulula, le isixhobo, apho phezu isampuli "ubonwe" ngokusekelwe phenyo kunye neentshukumo kunye intlokoma yayo zahlanganiswa okanye umfanekiso eyi-ntathu.