Imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon: lweempawu jikelele kunye nokusetyenziswa

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba hydrocarbon ezenzeka ngokwendalo ngokubanzi. Uninzi izinto eziphilayo zivela kwimithombo yendalo. Ngexesha Yindibanisela iikhompawundi kwiziphili izinto ekrwada isetyenziswa iigesi, amalahle, lignite, i-oyile yendalo kunye ehamba shale, umgquba, iimveliso zezilwanyana kunye nemvelaphi yemifuno.

imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon: iigesi zendalo.

igesi yendalo - umxube zendalo hydrocarbon lwesakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinye iigesi ze ubumdaka (emanzini, hydrogen, icarbon dioxide) apho izaliswe nge rock ingxondorha kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ezi zinto akhiwa haydrolisis le zemvelo kubunzulu omkhulu Ebubanzini Yomhlaba. Bona kwenzeka zikarhulumente simahla ngendlela uluhlu emikhulu - igesi, condensate igesi kunye oyile negesi amasimi.

Icandelo engundoqo noshowo irhasi enokutsha yendalo CH4 (methane - 98%), C2H6 (methane - 4,5%), propane (1.7% S3N8-), butane (C4H10 - 0.8%), pentane (0 S5N12- , 6%). gas petroleum ezinxulumene zibandakanyiwe ekwakhiweni oyile urhulumente lichithakale ukhululeka kulo ngenxa ekunciphiseni uxinzelelo kwi kushenxiswe ioli ngaphezulu. Kwiinkalo igesi kunye namafutha ithani oyile yenziwa ukususela-30 ukuya kweziyi-300 macala onke. igesi m. imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon - amafutha esinexabiso raw kushishino yokuqaphela organic. Negesi inikezelwa izityalo processing negesi, apho zisetyenziswe (oyile, ephantsi-lobushushu adsorption, amafu, kunye ukulungisa). Yahlulahlulwe yaba ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo, nganye kuzo asetyenziselwa iinjongo ezithile. Umzekelo, i-methane yavelisa hydrogen, igesi kuyondelelaniswe, leyo engundoqo ekrwada izinto ku tswala ezinye hydrocarbon, iasithilini, methanol, methanal, chloroform.

imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon: ioli.

Oil - umxube oluxandileyo, iqulathe ncakasana naphthenic, paraffinic kunye hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi. Ukwakheka oyile yenziwa izinto asphalt-nentlaka emnandi, naphthenic acid, mono- kunye disulfides, mercaptans, thiophene, thiophane, emanzini, piperidine, pyridine kunye homologs zayo, kwakunye nezinye izinto. Ngokusekelwe iimveliso zamafutha Enye into esinceda sisulungeke kusetyenziswa iindlela njini petrochemical ifunyenwe iimveliso phezu 3000 ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ethylene, benzene, propylene, ethylene dichloride, IVinyl chloride, styrene, ethanol, isopropanol, butylene, iiplastiki ezahlukeneyo, imicu zokwenziwa, idayi, izicoci, iziyobisi, iziqhushumbisi, njl

imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon afanayo.

Nja- - ezike imvelaphi yemifuno. Le nto iye yasetyenziswa amafutha (ingakumbi izityalo amandla), izinto yemichiza ekrwada (kuba Yindibanisela izinto ezininzi eziphilayo), inkunkuma ukubola kwiifama ingakumbi iinkukhu, kwicandelo isichumiso ngenxa egadini kunye ukusikwa.

imithombo yendalo hydrocarbon: xylem, okanye umthi.

Xylem - tissue kwezityalo eliphezulu, apho amanzi kunye zichithakala nje izondlo zivela kweengcambu amagqabi nkqubo, kwakunye namanye amalungu esityalo. Siqulathe iqokobhe abantamo iiseli ukuba abe nenkqubo introducer nemithambo. Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo amaplanga iqulethe izixa ezahlukeneyo izinto pectin kunye nemixube kwezimbiwa (ingakumbi iityuwa calcium), lipids ne-oyile ezibalulekileyo. Wood esetyenziswa njenge amafutha, oko kuhlanganiswa ukusuka imethyl utywala, atsetantnuyu acid, kwincindi, kunye nezinye izinto. Ezinye iintlobo iinkuni ukunika idayi (sandalwood, logwood), tannins (oki), nentlaka kunye balsams (umsedare, pine, nemisipres), sezakhi (izityalo entsapho Solanaceae, poppy, Ranunculaceae, Umbelliferae). Ezinye sezakhi zisetyenziswa iziyobisi (ngechitin, caffeine), imichiza (anabasine), izinambuzane (nicotine).