Ubukhulu Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize: imbali ingenzeka

I-Nobel Prize liwonga le nzululwazi kakhulu yodumo ehlabathini. iphupha lakhe lokufumana izazinzulu ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Yazi malunga nokuzuza zakutshanje boluntu, ziphawulwe ngale mbasa, exabisa wonke umntu ofundileyo. Njengoko wabonakala, yaye ziziphi iinkalo inzululwazi zingafumaneka nto?

Yintoni na?

Eli bhaso yonyaka ithiywe emva injineli Swedish, usomashishini kunye umsunguli. Alfred Bernhard Nobel umseki wayo. Ukongeza, lowo anawo-mali apho imali eyabelwe. Imbali kwi Nobel Prize iqala kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ukususela ngo-1901, ikomiti ekhethekileyo simisela yaphumelela kula macandelo ezifana physics, amayeza kunye zomzimba, imichiza, uncwadi kunye ukuziphendulela woxolo. Ngowe-1969, isayensi entsha sele yongezwe kuluhlu. Ukususela ngoko, iKomishoni uthi yingcali ngcono kwinkalo yezoqoqosho. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo kuya kubakho iindidi ezintsha, kodwa Okwangoku ingxoxo kwesiganeko eso akukho kuqhutywa.

Njengoko umvuzo apho?

Imbali ye-Nobel Prize umdla kakhulu. It inxulunyaniswa isiganeko ezimnyama kubomi owasungula wayo. Njengoko usazi, Alfred Nobel waye ke Umsunguli dynamite. Xa ngo-1889 umzalwana wakhe Ludwig wafa, intatheli yephephandaba kwaye waluduba obituary Alfred. Okubhaliweyo babembiza umrhwebi zokufa. Alfred Nobel Yandothusa ngethemba ukuba bahlale kwimemori uluntu kwi sikhundla. Waqalisa ukucinga oko kusala ngasemva, yaye waqamba umnqophiso okhethekileyo. Ngayo, wayethembe ukuphucula imeko dynamite.

I Will Alfreda Nobelya

umbhalo isikhonkwane akhulelwa latyikitywa 1895 e-Paris. Ngokutsho ngokokuthanda, yonke impahla eseleyo emva kokuba belifa kufuneka kwaneso izibambiso, apho ziya kusekwa fund. Inzala kwi eyinkunzi ngenxa iza kusetyenziswa ibhaso ukuya iinzululwazi ukuzisa inzuzo abaninzi kuluntu. Kufuneka yahlulwe ezintlanu: omnye umntu eyafumana okanye owavela into entsha kwinkalo physics, enye ibe yasekhemesti zezona ngcali zinetalente, owesithathu kwakuthetha oogqirha ilungileyo, lwesine - kuba umdali imisebenzi eziphambili zoncwadi yonyaka zanikezelwa iinjongo zabantu, yaye ke wesihlanu - ngokuba umntu onokukunceda ukuba kuzisa uxolo ehlabathini, uyawalwela ukuncitshiswa wemikhosi, emva kokuyekiswa kobukhoboka kunye nobuhlobo izizwe. Ngokuvumelana nokuthanda kwakhe, Nobel Prize for iindidi ezimbini zokuqala yamabhaso zigqitywa Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Xa ukhetho amayeza yenza i Royal Karolinska Institute, i-Swedish Academy ukhetha lemfundo, kwaye yokugqibela - ikomiti abantu abahlanu. Bona akhethwe Storting Norwegian.

Izilinganiso yamabhaso

Ekubeni bhaso emiselwe ekhulwini eyinkunzi imali Nobile, ubukhulu bayo. Ekuqaleni ukuba kubonelelwa izithsaba, isixa-mali lokuqala 150 lamawaka. Ke kaloku ubungakanani Nobel Prize ikhule kakhulu futhi ukunika kwi US dollar. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ibe malunga nesigidi. Xa imali kwi-mali kuphela, ngokuyinqaba kwaye ibhonasi. Nobel kuqala ingxelo emalunga nezigidi 32 kronor Swedish, ke ngoko, ngokuxhomekeke kutyalo-mali ngempumelelo, yonke le minyaka, lenyuka kuphela. Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje inzala ukuvumela ukuphumeza lwabiwo-HIV - umvuzo iindleko msitho kwaye imixholo yolawulo ziphezulu kakhulu. Kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, ubukhulu i-Nobel Prize, kwagqitywa ukunciphisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe uzinzo kwi Fund kwixesha elide. Ulawulo wenza konke okusemandleni ukuze ube mde kangangoko kunokwenzeka.

scandal ekhaya

Ukuba imbali wayethabathe hlawule leswi hambaneke, soze kuvela eli bhaso ukukhanya. Nobel sum wawumkhulu kangangokuba usapho ingayi kuza nazigqibo ilahleko yakhe. Emva kokufa Umsunguli omnye abanye baqala izilingo apho kwazanywa ukuba umngeni intando. Nobel ene- ndlu Pomakazi Nice yaye e Paris, elabhoratri eRashiya, Finland, Italy, Germany nase-England, oluninzi zocweyo kunye neefektri. Yonke impahla kwiindlalifa bafuna ukwahlula phakathi kwabo. Nangona kunjalo, lo Storting wagqiba ukuqonda intando. Ngendlu emva kwexesha athengise impahla yakhe, ixesha kunye nesayizi ye-Nobel Prize zaye zavunywa. Izihlobo waya isiphumo kwezigidi ezibini.

isikhwama esisungulwe

I-Nobel Prize, imbali apho lwaqalisa ihlazo, yaqala eyanikwayo ngo-1900 kuphela. Le Royal Council wadibana Juni 29, 1900, apho zonke iinkcukacha ziye ibuyekeziwe yaye yavunywa yi-mali esemthethweni. Ngomhla inxalenye yemali kokuba ezifumene isakhiwo apho sikhoyo. NgoDisemba 1901 kwaye kwabanjwa le ntetho yokuqala siganeko. Nobel Prize ubukhulu ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu amawaka waba ngowokuqala kunye obona. Ngowe-1968, i-Bank of Sweden abanikezelayo ukuba batyumbe neengcali kummandla kuqoqosho. Nobel Prize for entsimini ekhethiweyo i Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Ekuqaleni eyanikwayo ngo-1969.

Imithetho kulo mkhosi

Testament ibonisa kuphela ubungakanani Nobel Prize and Science, kuba impumelelo apho abaphandi kufanele kuphawulwe. Imithetho yokuziphatha kunye ukhetho kwafuneka ukuba kwenziwe sele mali. zaye ke ziphuhliswe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, yaye ukususela phantse akukho tshintsho. Ngokutsho imithetho, umvuzo ukuze kunikwa abantu abaliqela, kodwa ke ngeke ibe ngaphezulu kwesithathu. Ukuba umfaki-sicelo wafa ngoDisemba ngexesha kulenkonzo, kodwa yena wayesaphila ngelo isaziso abatyunjiweyo ngo-Oktobha, uya kufumana isixa kokufa kwakhe. Nobel Foundation akafuni amabhaso mbasa, bamthethela ukuba iikomiti ezizodwa kwicala ngalinye. amalungu zabo afune uncedo izazinzulu abavela kwiindawo zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo. Prize kwiincwadi ukunika iingcali kakhulu Ezolimi. KaNobel kwi nomination zehlabathi Abanyulwa bakhe thethwano lwe izazinzulu entsimini-bulumko, nomthetho, inzululwazi kwezopolitiko, imbali, sikucela ukuba uxoxe amanani zoluntu. Ngamanye amaxesha ingcali ukwazi ukunikeza sicelo ngokobuqu. Eli lungelo fanele kwabaphumelele kwiminyaka edlulileyo kwaye ulilungu le-Swedish Academy of Sciences. Zonke iziphakamiso ziyavunywa phambi-1 Februwari kunyaka eziya kuba ibhonasi. Phambi Septemba isindululo ngasinye kuhlolwa kwaye kuxoxwe ngazo. Ekuhambeni amawaka iingcali ubandakanyekile. Xa uqeqesho iphela, iikomiti uthumele abaviwa ezivunyiweyo kwiimeko ezisesikweni apho izazinzulu umsebenzi Nobel Prize, nto leyo eya kwenza isigqibo sokugqibela. Xa entsimini physics, chemistry kunye nenzululwazi zezoqoqosho iqela ezingundoqo abameli Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, ngasinye kuzo abantu ezingamashumi amabini anesihlanu. Medicine ababandakanyekayo amalungu mahlanu Karolinska Institute. Uncwadi - elinesibhozo izazinzulu evela Swedish Academy. Peace Prize, amabhaso Norwegian Committee Nobel. Ngo-Okthoba yamkela ingxelo ibhengeze kwinkomfa cofa e Stockholm phezu kwelimiweyo, ephelekwa izimvo malunga nezizathu zesigqibo nganye. KuDisemba winners-10 kunye neentsapho zabo bayamenywa ukuba msitho.