Yintoni yokugcina-ngqangi e Baghdad? Iminyaka ubukho kunye nengcaciso into

Ukugcinwa of Georgia e Baghdad, okwabizwa ngokuba yi "House of Wisdom." Eli ziko yasekwa apha ngemihla yokuqala ezininzi iinkolo Eastern - Islam, kodwa sagcina nga elide kangaka. Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu ziye kufika apha evela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ngubani ukugqithisa ku Baghdad, ezinye ngolwazi kwinkalo yenzululwazi. Zashiya apha impumelelo zabo, eziye zaqokelelwa ezincwadini kwaye evakalala-igqabi ukwenzela ukugcinwa ngakumbi. Ebudeni iimfazwe rhoqo okwenzeka phakathi amagunya ngelo xesha, nguye butyebi bukhulu ulwazi yatshatyalaliswa, yaye yonke imibhalo-ngqangi yamandulo, iinkcuba oluqulunqwe waphoswa iTigris River.

prehistory

Ngenkulungwane 8, ubukhosi IAbbasid wabhukuqa sigqibo ngexesha le Umayyads, owayelawula ezweni waseMesopotamiya. amandla Capital ngelo xesha ziphakathi komzi iMecca, leyo njengento yokusabela umprofeti Muhammad kunye nabalandeli bakhe bonke. Amandla entsha, kwidabi ayifiki, ethutha ikomkhulu ku Baghdad, kwaye ukusukela waqalisa ukukhula phambi kwamehlo ethu komzi. Injongo ephambili ukwenza Abbasids saseBaghdad "New Alexandria". Ngokuba apha baqalisa ukuzisa babo phezu eYurophu Asia, imisebenzi zobulumko ezahlukahlukeneyo, oosonzululwazi, zezibalo kunye nabaphandi bonke. Ngaloo kwasekwa uhlobo yokugcina-ngqangi e Baghdad, nalapho ixesha elithile eziqulathwe uthotho lwezintlu ezilula misongo kunye izikhumba, ezotywe ezininzi ngeelwimi, kuquka abafileyo.

Amanyathelo okuqala nokumisa

Owasungula le "Indlu Ubulumko", nto leyo ngolwimi lweenkobe ebizwa ngokuba "Bayt al-Hikma", libali lokwenyaniso al-Ma'mūn, owathi, ukuthetha ngokuthe ngqo, oyiswe isixeko Baghdad. Xa ihlathi lonke ulwazi, waqesha izazinzulu zibhetele nabaguquleli eMesopotamiya owayesebenza apho imini nobusuku. Bona fingered-ngqangi yamandulo, oluqulunqwe zefilosofi kunye zemathematika ukusuka eIndiya, eGrisi, Italy ne Spain. Ngamanye amaxesha kufika kuzo amangeniso wadala exhanyulwa okungenaluzsini Northern Europe. umsebenzi wabo kukuguqulela le mithetho-nkcukacha zibe Arabic, ngazo bahlangabezana ngokunamathelene-. Ngoko Al-Mamun wabonakala zamathala eencwadi aqulethe ulwazi kubantu behlabathi oluphucukileyo ngelo xesha.

Development of the House of Wisdom

Kwathi kanti, isebe ichulumancisayo kwezenzululwazi ngelo xesha imathematika zonke izibophelelo evela kuyo uyamqeqesha - ngeenkwenkwezi, ezikhona, imichiza, njl, kuba House of Wisdom ayesebenza phantsi kweliso izibalo best - .. Al-Khwarizmi, ngubani wokulawulwa poduchival zonke ezinye iingcali . Ekubeni zonke oososayensi baqalisa ukusebenza kunye, nguvimba ngqangi e Baghdad ibuye ibe liziko yokwenene uphando. Kukho zathathwa ifomula ezintsha, ubukhulu ezintsha kuzalwa kunye neemilo. Ukuze izazi wavula kakhulu amathuba emva ezifunyenwe yi ulwazi iintlanga ezahlukeneyo zathelekiswa.

Ngenxa yoko impumelelo zezazinzulu Arab ziye zakhiwa?

codex nganye, nto leyo bawela House of Wisdom, yaba ndaba sifundo udliwano-Arabhu. Bona ikakhulu lathembela imisebenzi enjalo ababhali abaziwayo classical njengoko Diophantus waseAlexandria, uAristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy, noHippocrates, uDioscorides, Galen kunye nabanye. Impumelelo yokuqala izazinzulu zobulumko ezine wenze i Arabhu ukwenza uvale kakhulu kwimathematika nesayensi. Zazakhiwe logarithm kunye aljibra inkqubo ukubala, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zejiyometri kunye neefomula zokubala kwiindawo zemiqulu. Kwakhona, oko sesayensi Arab babhala le kwafunyanwa njenge progression - iimbalo nejiyometri. Kwixesha elizayo, ngokusekelwe kulwazi kunye namava eyayibanjelwe apha yavela izibalo eYurophu, ngoku sebenzisa thina. Njengoko for yokugqibela zo ezintathu yamandulo, oku kusekelwe kwiziphumo amayeza yabo entsha Arab iye yaphuhliswa.

Uphuhliso endle ngeenkwenkwezi

Repository-ngqangi e Baghdad nayo iye yaba Observatory entsha isithuba. Umfutho isifundo imizimba yasezulwini zibe ulwazi mandulo, yaye izazinzulu Indian abaye baba phambili hypothesis ukuba Umhlaba ifana kunye namaza. Kuyinto kwihlomela-Baghdad, abaphandi Arab ukusebenza ngezi misebenzi ngeenkwenkwezi, zenziwe iinzame ukulinganisa ubude i pewa okuyi-1 isidanga. Lo mcimbi yaba yimpumelelo, ekubeni bonke Ubalo echanekileyo.

Ukutshatyalaliswa House of Wisdom

Mongol-Tatar idyokhwe, ezenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-13, ayikho wasindisa neMesopotamiya. Ngowe-1258, Februwari 12, siphambili yobulali-ngqangi iye kutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo umkhosi phantsi kobunkokheli Hulagu Khan. Uninzi izazinzulu asebenza apha babulawa, nabanye ikhonkxwa, umntu wakwazi ukubaleka, bethabathe kuye abathile kwabo ngqangi ezazilapho. Bonke yawa ezandleni i Mongols anamagazi, zaye mhlawumbi wayitshisa okanye antywiliselwe emanzini iTigris River. Kukho ingcamango yokuba ezinye izazinzulu, ngubani wakwazi ukubaleka Baghdad ngelo xesha, kuhlala e Istanbul, nto leyo eye bakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwabo abanike ubomi obutsha.