Yintoni i-dinosaur ebonakala ngathi. Iintlobo, inkcazo kunye neefoto zama-dinosaurs

Izigidi zeeminyaka ezidlulayo ezi ngxowankulu zehlabathi la mandulo - i-dinosaurs yayilawula emhlabeni. Kwiminyaka yeXIX ye-XIX kuphela, izazinzulu zaqala ukufundisisa iindawo zazo. Kwakukho imibuzo enxulumene neengqungquthela zamandulo. Omnye wabo: "Yintoni ebonakala ngathi i-dinosaur?" - ayifakwanga ngokucacileyo. Kukhulu kakhulu umxube uhlukanisa umntu wanamhlanje kunye nezi zilwanyana ezimangalisayo ukuze uthethe ngokuzithemba ngokubonakala kwazo.

Amaqhawe amakhulu aseplanethi

Kukho ama-dinosaurs (isithunzi kunye nencazelo yezinye zazo onokuzibona kwinqaku lethu) malunga neminyaka eyi-230 yezigidi edlulileyo. Ixesha lemvelaphi yalezi zidalwa lixesha lexesha elide likaTriassic, iimbali eziwela kwiJurassic, kwaye ukunyamalala kwenzeka ekupheleni kweCretaceous. Kwizigidi zeminyaka yobukho, ama-dinosaurs asasaze kwiMhlaba. Iingcambu zabo zafunyanwa nase-Antarctica.

Iintlobo zamaDinosaurs

Kuza kube namhlanje, izazinzulu ziyazi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane zezilwanyana zasendulo. Zahlukaniswa zibe zizilwanyana, izilwanyana ezinobuncwane, ezomanzi kunye neendiza ezindizayo. Ukuhlukahluka okunjalo kubangela ubunzima obukhulu, kuba ngokuqhelekileyo ezandleni zezonzululwazi ukufumanisa iintlobo zezilwanyana zasendulo zingcono ngamathambo ambalwa.

Abaphengululi baphinda bajonga njani iimpawu zezilwanyana zasendulo?

Iintlobo zama-dinosaurs enenkcazo zifumaneka kwiindawo zonke-kwii-encyclopedia kwihlabathi la mandulo lehlabathi lethu, imisebenzi yezenzululwazi, iincwadi zezingane. Inani elikhulu leefilimu, iincwadi kunye neetoto zeetoto ezinikwe kwiinqununu zexesha elidlulileyo. Ukuba ubuza nawuphi na umntu, uya kuchaza ukubonakala kwezilwanyana ezindala ngokuchanekileyo. Sazi njani ukuba idayinosa zibukeka njani? Iifoto neevidiyo kunye nabo, akunjalo, akunakufumaneka, kuba zikhona izigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Impendulo ihlala kwiindawo ezihlambulukileyo. Kuza kube namhlanje, bafumana abangaphezu kwekhulu lamawaka. Oku akubandakanyi nje amathambo kuphela, kodwa kunye namaqanda e-dinosaur, indle yabo, ecatshulwa iminwe yeminwe kunye nemizimba.

Ngokwezicatshulwa ze-skeleton, izazinzulu zibuyisela ukubonakala kwezilwanyana. Amathambo e-dinosaur abukeka njani? Ngaphandle bahluke kwiintsali zezilwanyana zanamhlanje ngobukhulu kunye neqondo lokugcina. Ngelishwa, ukufunyanwa kwe-skeleton yonke kukusoloko kunzima. Ngokuqhelekileyo, izazinzulu kufuneka zithole ukuba i-dinosaur ibukeka njani, ngesiseko sezinto eziseleyo.

Ziyaphi na amathambo e-dinosaur?

Ehlabathini, kukho iindawo ezininzi apho unokufumana khona iindawo eziseleyo. Kwiphondo laseCanada laseAlberta lafumana ngaphezu kwewaka elinokubaluleka. Ezi ziyi-resisi ze-lizard-centrosaurs. E-Argentina, kwiphondo laseChubut, amathambo angama-titanosaurs asixhenxe atholakala. EMexico ngo-2014, kwintsimi yeentlango, kwafunyanwa amathambo e-14 lizards. Inani elincinci lala ma dinosaurs liyaqhubeka lifumaneka kwiphondo yaseShayina yaseShandong. Apha afunyanwa amathambo eepropops ezinkulu - iintsholongwane zamandulo ze-tyrannosaurus kunye ne-ankylosaurus.

Iyintoni inkqubo yokubuyisela imbonakalo yezilwanyana zamandulo?

I-Dinosaurs iphile izigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo. Izicubu ezinobumba ngeli xesha liye laphenduka eluthulini, kwaye amathambo aphelile. Ukususela ngekhulu le-XIX, ubuninzi be-dinosaur bubukeka bunjani, siye safunda okungakumbi, kodwa ngoku akukho nto ingaqinisekanga ukuba ngaba oososayensi balungisa ukubonakala kwabo.

Lo msebenzi unzima kwaye uchitha ixesha. Okokuqala kufuneka uqokelele kwiinqununu ezifunyenwe. Ukuba akukho zixhobo ezaneleyo, kufuneka zibuyiselwe. Emva kokusebenza kwabaculi baqala. Kwiphezu kunye namagqabi aphinde abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye aphinde abuye abuye abuye abuye abuye abuyele. Kule ndlela, kusetyenziswe isetyenziswe esetyenziswa kwisayensi ye-forensic. Njengoko isikhumba se-dinosaur sibukeka, kwakunokwenzeka ukufumana ukubonga ngenxa yamathambo, apho ukubonakala kwayo kunye nephethini kubonakala ngokucacileyo. Kwakungenanzi amanzi, omile kwaye ayenamanqanaba. Kwiimifanekiso ezifumanekayo iinkalo ezinzima ezibonakalayo kunye neentambo ze-elastic. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana zasendulo zazikhuselekileyo. Ezi ziquka i-hilosaurs.

Enye yeengxaki ezibonisa indlela i-dinosaur ekhangele ngayo ukufumana umbala wesikhumba. Nangona i-paleontologists ayikwazi ukuphendula ngokuqinisekileyo lo mbuzo. Ngoko ke, njengesiseko sokwakhiwa kwakhona kwesimo sesilwanyana, izilwanyana zanamhlanje neentaka zithathwa. Ngoko ke, umculi uTyler Killor, owayalela ukuba izazinzulu zibuyisele ukubonakala kwe-dinosaur ruogsa, zathatha umbala weentaka zeentaka ze-whale njengesampuli.

Kodwa nangona umfanekiso ophinda uqulunqwe ngokugqithiseleyo we-dinosaur unako ukwenza utshintsho. Ubuchwephesha bwanamhlanje kunye nokufumanisa kwangoku kwi-paleontology kunika ulwazi olutsha kwiimpawu ezinkulu zasendulo.

Indlela i-dinosaur ibonakala ngayo: inkcazo jikelele

Iindlovu zamandulo zahlula zibe ziilawuli ezibini ezinkulu: iintlunkulu kunye nomncedisi weentaka. Ezi zilandelayo ziyi-sauropods (herbivores). Izidinosaurs zeengxowankulu zahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amabini: i -roprops (izilwanyana) kunye nama-sauropods. Laba bameli bepangolinas ezinkulu kunye nemizimba emikhulu kunye neentamo ezide: apatosaurus, diplodocus, brachiosaurus). Ngamanye amashishini ama-dinosaurs amelwa kabini nge-pipolin bipedal kunye nalabo abafudukela kwimilenze emine.

Iidino dinosaurs ezininzi zifudula zihamba emilenzeni emibini.

Kukho uluvo lokuba onke ama-dinosaurs ayenokukhula okukhulu. Akunjalo. Phakathi kwabo kwakufana neziqhwala (i-seismosaurus, i-spinoza), kunye nezilwanyana ezincinci (i-komsognat, heterodontosaurus).

I-Dinosaurs - omnye wabameli abangalisa kakhulu kwihlabathi lezilwanyana kwixesha lethu elidlulileyo. Badibanisa imiqondiso yamanani amaninzi ezilwanyana zanamhlanje ezizimele: ii-crocodiles, iilzards, iintaka kunye nezilwanyana.

Ngeengwenya, isikhumba sabo kunye nendawo yamazinyo kubasondeza kunye. Ikhanga lifana nelinye leengqungquthela, kwaye isakhiwo samathambo e - tubular sinxulumene nama-dinosaurs kunye nezilwanyana. Isakhiwo se-pelvis kunye neengalo zentloko zizisa izilwanyana zasendulo ezikufutshane neentaka.

Uninzi lwama-dinosaurs ludlulela kwizitho zangasemva, zihlala zitsho, zixhomekeke zihamba ngeminwe. Le ndlela yokunyakaza yababenzela ngakumbi.

Iingxabano malunga nesakhiwo sezitho zangaphakathi kwimeko yenzululwazi nanamhla. Oko babenjalo, ngoku abanako ukuzimisela, ngoko isiseko sithathwa yintsholongwane yeentaka kunye nezilwanyana. Kancinci ngakumbi kwaziwa malunga nobuchopho bezilwanyana zasendulo. Zonke iigunqa ezifunyenweyo zivumele ukuba sicinge ngezinga eliphezulu elinokwenzeka ukuba kwisakhiwo sifana nobuchopho bezilonda zanamhlanje.

Iingxaki zikhona kunye nokucaciswa kombala wesikhumba. Mhlawumbi ezinye zeedinosaurs zinekhanda lombala okhuselayo. Abanye banokuba nombala oqaqambileyo emva komzekelo weengqungquthela zanamhlanje.

Ngokweengxelo zandul 'utsha, ininzi yezilonda zamandulo zineentsiba.

Akukhona nje kuphela i-archeopteryx eyaziwayo, kodwa i-torptor encinci, i-caudipteryx nabanye.

Imbonakalo emangalisayo: iidinosaurs ezidumileyo kunye ezingavamile

Phakathi kwezilwanyana zasendulo kukho abantu abanomdla kakhulu, ukubonakala okungaqhelekanga. I-Zuhomim - isilwanyana esikhulu - ngomlomo omncinci wawufana nengwenya, kwaye i-claw yomunwe wokuqala kwimigangatho yayo yafikelela ubude obungaphezu kwama-30 centimitha.

ICarnotaur ineempondo. Babenalesi sidalwa, mhlawumbi badlala indima yamanqaku okuchonga.

IGriposaurus yayinomlomo kunye namazinyo angama-800. Wayengumdlavuza okanye isilwanyana, kodwa engaziwa.

I-Tyrannosaurus Rex yi-dinosaur, inkcazo ehlala ifuna umdla. Le ngenye yezilwanyana ezidlulileyo zexesha elidlulileyo, obonakalayo nobukhulu bubukeka buyikeka.

Wayenemilenze emibini, wayenentloko enkulu, eyayingqinelana nomsila omkhulu. Ubungqina be-tyrannosaurus kukuba, kunye neenyawo ezinamandla zentsimbi, yayinemifanekiso encinci kakhulu eminwe emibini. Ngenxa yokuba phakathi kwama-30 afunyenwe izibhedlele zalezi zidumbu ezilondolozwe ngokupheleleyo, izazinzulu zakwazi ukuphonononga ngokupheleleyo isakhiwo sayo, i-biology kunye ne-biomechanics.

Isiphelo

Imbali yeziqhwaba ezimangalisayo, izigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, ezihlala eMhlabeni, azizange zifundwe ngokupheleleyo. Iziphumo ezintsha kunye neendlela ezichanekileyo zophando zingabonisa iimfihlelo ezininzi zendlela yokuphila, ukubonakala kunye ne-physiology yama-dinosaurs.