Ushicilelo kunye neencwadi eziBhaliweyo, Fiction
Yonke imisebenzi kaDostoevsky: uluhlu. Iincwadi zeFyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky
Imisebenzi yonke kaDostoevsky, uluhlu lwaloo mbandela wokuhlaziywa kwalo, luye lwaba yi-classic kungekuphela kweRashiya kodwa kunye neencwadi zehlabathi. Eli nqaku liza kubonisa imisebenzi edumileyo yomlobi. Iincwadi ezinkulu kunazo zonke zombhali zifundiswa esikolweni. Uninzi lweziqulatho zakhe zahlolisiswa ngamaxesha amaninzi kwaye zenziwa kwisiteji, ezithetha ngokuxabiseka kwazo kunye nokufaneleka kwazo.
Inombolo yokuqala
Yonke imisebenzi kaDostoevsky (uluhlu luya kuqalwa ngokukhankanywa kwincwadi eyamenza udume kwizandi zengxelo) kubonisa italente ephikisayo. Kuthe malunga neveli "Abantu abahluphekileyo", eyenziwe ngo-1846. Le ncwadi inomdla kuba ibhaliwe kwi- epistolary genre. I-protagonist, uMakar Devushkin, iyahambelana nentombazana enothando naye, kodwa ayiyikuzivuma ukuvuma iimvakalelo zakhe kuye, kuba ikhulile. Ukongezelela, ukholelwa ukuba akafanelekanga kuye, nangona ephindaphinda naye.
Ngoncedo lwalolu hlobo lokulandelwa, uFyodor Dostoyevsky wakwazi ukubonisa iimvakalelo zakhe zamaqhawe ngokuchanekileyo nangokuthembekileyo. "Abantu abahluphekileyo" yintanethi eyayibonakaliswa kakhulu ngumgxeki odumileyo uVelinsky.
Wavula umlobi omncinci ngendlela eya kwilizwe leencwadi waza wenza igama lakhe laziwe kumfundi oyimfuneko.
Ibali elihle
Umbhali akazange afune ukuhlala ngolu hlobo lomdlalo kwaye uzame ngokwakhe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Akabhalelanga nje kuphela iprose, kodwa wabhala izinkondlo. Ukongezelela, emva kokukhishwa kwencwadana yokuqala, wagqiba ukudala umsebenzi wamahlaya ngendlela yoonxibelelwano phakathi kwabalinganiswa. Ngaloo ndlela, incwadana ethi "Inveli kwiileta ezithoba" yabonakala - ibali elihlekayo elipapashwe ngo-1847 kwiphepha leSovremennik. Lo msebenzi unxibelelwano lwabathathi ababini, ngalinye lizama ukukhohlisa iqabane.
Umbhali ulingisa uGogol, ukhetha amagama amabini afanayo kunye nokunika iimpawu ezifanayo. Omnye wabo unyanzelekile kwaye uhloniphekile, okwesibini, ngokuchaseneyo, unengqiqo kunye ngqo. Kodwa ekugqibeleni bobabini babakhohliswa ngokuzibandakanya kwabo. Yonke imisebenzi kaDostoevsky, uluhlu lwalo alubandakanyi nje ngokumangalisayo kwaye lubuhlungu, kodwa kunye nemisebenzi ehlekisayo, lubonisa ukuba ungumqapheli oyingqondi kunye nomcebisi obalaseleyo.
"Ukugxeka kunye nokulimala"
Lo ngumsebenzi wokuqala wokuqala obhaliweyo ngumlobi emva kokubuya ekuthinjweni. Yapapashwa ngowe-1861. Ukumgxeka kwamhlangabeza kakhulu, ngaphandle kwiphephancwadi elithi "Contemporary", elihlolisise kakuhle iqhinga kunye nabalinganiswa. Ingxelo iqhutyelwa egameni lomntu wokuqala - umlobi omncinci u-Ivan, apho iimpawu zobomi bomlobi ziqikelelwe.
Incwadi kaDostoevsky ethi "Ukuhlambalaza kunye nokulimala" inemigca emibini, eyenza le nkcazelo ibonakale iphazamisekile. Nangona kunjalo, kule ncwadi, iimpawu zendlela yombhali zibonakala ngokucacileyo: uhlalutyo olunzulu lwengqondo kubalinganiswa, isihawu kubo bonke abantu abahlelelekileyo sihloko esihamba ngayo yonke imisebenzi yomlobi.
"Umdlali"
Uhlalutyo olunzulu lwengqondo kunye nomntu okwenzayo luhlukanisa yonke imisebenzi kaDostoevsky. Uludwe lwababhali beencwadi kufuneka lunikezelwe ngeveli echazwe ngasentla.
Le ngenye yeengcamano ezinzima kunomsebenzi womlobi, njengoko kubonakaliswe umlutha walo mdlalo, kunye nobudlelwane obunzima kunye nomthandi wakhe, owakhonza njengomzekelo wesimboli esona sihloko, kunye noNastasya Filippovna owaziwayo encwadini ethi "Idiot." Kwinqanaba leengxelo ngumntu obethandwayo ngumfazi othandekayo, kunye nomdlalo wamathuba.
Imisebenzi ye-1860s-1870s
I-bibliography ye-Fyodor Dostoevsky ifaka inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yeendidi ezahlukahlukeneyo, kodwa iincwadi ezidumileyo zidalwa kule minyaka elishumi.
Ngomnyaka we-1866 wabhala incwadana ethi "Ulwaphulo-mthetho nokusohlwaya", eyaba yinto yokuqala yezohlobo kunye nomnye wemisebenzi engcono yomlobi. Ukufunda lo msebenzi kuyingxenye yekharityhulam yesikolo, ngaphezu koko, ihlolwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
Kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo wabhala enye yezinto ezithakazelisayo kunye nemisebenzi enamandla kakhulu - incwadana ethi "Idiot", ebonwa yintandokazi yencwadi yakhe, nangona i-denouement ephawulekayo.
Ngama-1870, ukukhanya kwambona omnye wemisebenzi yakhe nzima - Abazalwana Karamazov. Le ncwadi iyahlula ngeplani yefilosofi enzulu, iimbali ezinzima kunye neentlobo ezininzi. Umbhali ochazwe ukubonisa isimo esiyinkimbinkimbi yokuziphatha koluntu kwimeko yokusabalaliswa kweengcamango zenguqulelo kunye nokunyaniseka, kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwamasiko kunye namasiko emveli.
Iindaba kunye neDayari
Umbhali akazange asebenze kuphela ngohlobo lweprose enkulu, kodwa wabhala nemisebenzi emincinci. Enye yezona ziyaziwa kakhulu kwiimvanoveli yakhe yincwadi yefilosofi ethi "I-Double." Ixelela ibali lesicaka esincinci, esicinezelekileyo, esingathandabuzekiyo, siphazamisekile. Emva kokuba enesibini, owakhawuleza wakwazi ukuthatha indawo yakhe ngokubonga ngokugqithisa, ubuchule, ubuqili kunye nobutyebi. Umsebenzi uyalahla ubuthathaka bomntu kunye nokukhonza, okwabangela ukuba uluntu lwamkelwa kabini endaweni yomntu ababaziyo. Kulolu chungechunge, ungaphinda ubhekise ibali elihlekisayo "Omnye umfazi nomyeni phantsi kombhede." Lo msebenzi uphethwe ngumhle wobubele obunjani, obunjalo umqondiso womlobi.
Ngokwahlukileyo, simele sichaze idayari yakhe, apho engathethi kuphela ngendlela yakhe yokudala, kodwa ubeka iingcamango zakhe kwi-intlalo yaseRashiya kunye nophuhliso lwezopolitiko, kwaye uchaza uluvo lwakhe kwiimeko zehlabathi jikelele. Idayari idalula umbhali ngaphakathi, kuba ekwabelana ngayo ngeemfihlelo zobuchule kunye nobuchule bakhe, uchaza iingcamango nezimvo ayenzileyo kwi-prose yobuciko. Idayari yashicilelwa ukususela ngo-1873 ukuya ku-1881, ebonisa ubungqina bombhali nabafundi kulo msebenzi.
Iingongoma
Iindinyana zikaDostoevsky zibonisa italente yakhe kungekhona nje njengomlobi weprose, kodwa futhi njengombongi. Enye yezinto zakhe zokuqala zomculo "Kwiimicimbi zeYurophu ze-1854" zinikezelwe ngexesha leMfazwe yaseCrimea. Kulo mbhali ubonisa uluvo lwakhe kwimbali yaseRashiya kunye nomsebenzi wayo ekukhululeni abantu baseOthodoki. Uthi, nangona usongelo lwaseYurophu, eli lizwe liya kuhlala linyamezela naziphi na izilingo, njengangaphambili kwiinkulungwane ezininzi.
Imibongo kaDostoevsky, ngokubanzi, ibonakalisa imbono yakhe yezopolitiko. Ngomsebenzi "Ngomhla wokuqala ka-Julayi, 1855" uphinda uxoxe ngekamva laseRashiya, uchaza ithemba lokuvuselela kwakhe, kwaye ubuze uTsar ukuba amxolele kunye nabalandeli bakhe ukuba babe ngabaxhasi bokuqala. Ulwakhiwo luye lwazinikezelwa kumhla wokuzalwa we-empress kwaye luyaziwa ngumoya wokuthanda izwe kunye nomxholo wefilosofi.
Kwakhona wabhala umbongo othi "Kwi-coronation kunye nokuphelisa uxolo," apho ekhazimulisa ukuqala kokuthula kunye nokulungiswa komlawuli omtsha uAssander Alexander II. Phakathi kweengoma zomlobi, umntu unokuphawula i-epigram yakhe kwi-colonel yaseBavaria, kunye nomsebenzi othi "Ukulwa kweNihilism ngokunyaniseka." Umsebenzi wokugqibela ukhangela umdla kuba umlobi uchaza imbono yakhe yezopolitiko kunye nezopolitiko kule ntshukumo entsha eRashiya. Kwakhona kunyanzelekile ukubonisa ukuqokelela imibongo "Incwadana yam ethi Katorzhnaya" - ukuqokelela kwimiqulu yenkcubeko, eyayiqokelela ngexesha lokuthunjwa.
Eminye imisebenzi
Kule ngongoma sibheka kuphela imisebenzi edumileyo yombhali odumileyo, umgca omfutshane onikwe apha kwitafile engezantsi.
| Isihloko | Inkcazelo |
| "Netochka Nezvanova" | Inoveli engapheliyo yomlobi, eyapapashwa ngo-1849. Ngomsebenzi umbhali uxelela malunga nexesha lentombazana, owayenobuntwana obubunzima, waza wafumana endlwini ecebileyo apho wayethatyathwa yimfesane. Nangona kunjalo, imfihlelo eyingozi yile ntsapho ibangela ukuba ashiye le ndawo yokukhusela |
| "Ulutsha" | Umsebenzi uchaza malunga nomfana osemthethweni, kwaye uvela kwimeko enobudlelwane obunzima noyise. Kwimveli, umbhali uhlalutya ngokucokisekileyo i-psychology yeselula ekhulayo kunye nolwalamano lwakhe nabanye |
| "Iimpawu ezimhlophe" | Lo msebenzi womsindo wombhali mhlawumbi unechukumisayo kwaye uqaqambile kuzo zonke iincwadi zakhe ezimangalisayo. Ibali lichaza ngothando lwabantu abancinci abancinci abaye banyanzeliswa ukuba bahlukane ngenxa yokubuyela kwintombi yomfana |
| Iphupho Lomalume " | Olu lubunzima obunzima kakhulu, apho amahlaya kunye namahlaya adibeneyo neentlekele. Le ncwadi inikezelwa kumdlalo ongaqhelekanga wenkosana enye kwintombazana encinci, eyayingumfana wayo owayesakuba nako ukumkholisa ukuba umtshato wakhe ozayo wayephupha, kutheni inkosana ifa |
| "Idolophana yase Stepanchikovo nabemi balo" | Ulwakhiwo luchaza ngomsindo ongaqhelekanga kwidolophana encinane ngenxa yezicwangciso zomtshato zamaqhawe |
| "Amanqaku avela kwindlu efile" | Umsebenzi unomdla kuba uhamba ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye uphawula ngobomi beentolongo entolongweni. Umlobi wadlulisa iimvakalelo kunye nokubonakala emva kokubhaliweyo |
| "Amanqaku avela ngaphantsi komhlaba" | Ulwakhiwo luchaza malunga neziganeko ebomini kwendoda eselula kwi-intelligentsia. Kuyathakazelisa ukuba umbhali uhlalutya ukuziphatha kweqhawe emlonyeni wakhe |
| "Iphupha lomntu ohlekisayo" | Ibali lithetha malunga neliqhawe lokuzibulala nokuzalwa kwakhe emva kwephupha elingavamile |
Ukongezelela, simele sichaze imisebenzi yeendwendwe ezidumileyo.
| Isihloko | Isici |
| "I-Petersburg Chronicle" | Le ngqungquthela yama-feuilletons apho umlobi omncoma adumisa idolophu yakhe yasekuhlaleni, ethi unendima enkulu ebomini baseRashiya. Kodwa kwiingqinisiso zokugqibela kukho umzobo wesixeko esinzima kunye nesicaka, esasibonakaliswa kwimiqulu |
| "Iingcingo zebusika ezibonakalayo ehlobo" | Olu luhlu lweengqinamba ekuhambeni kombhali ngeYurophu kunye nesimo sengqondo samaRashiya kumazwe aseYurophu |
| "Pushkin" | Uhlalutyo olunzulu lomsebenzi weengqungquthela ezidumileyo kunye nokubaluleka kweencwadi zehlabathi |
Ngoko ke, umsebenzi kaDostoevsky wawunezinto eziphathekayo: wayesebenza kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeprose, kwaye wabhala neengqungquthela.
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