A bear amanzi. Uhlobo ezingenamqolo engabonakali

Kwindalo, kukho indalo ekhethekileyo, uhola igama elithi "bear yamanzi". Little-eyaziwa (ngaphandle Izazi kunye neengcali kwi space), abantu abanolwazi kwaye ichaphazela imbonakalo yazo, kunye survivability zabo. Igama okokuqala ukuba samkelwe ukufana ngokucacileyo iilekese okanye teddy bear. Noko ke, yena imilenze ezintandathu, yaye "ubuso" pretty kunzima ukubiza, kodwa kungenjalo ngokucacileyo usuka. A "amanzi" ibhere kuba nguye umhlali kokusingqongileyo aze aphile ngaphandle ukufuma (ngengqiqo ngokoqobo ilizwi) akakwazi.

History of izovela

Kukho isizathu ukucinga ukuba bear amanzi, tardigrades kwaba kanye ezo zidalwa, Obona umdali van Leeuwenhoek microscope kwasekuqaleni 1702. Noko ke, ukufunyanwa yokuqala esemthethweni yezi oldtimers yi 1773, xa wachaza umfundisi waseJamani Gotse. Yothuka bavela, Wabanika igama kleiner wasserbär, leyo kwemibhalo ukusuka Isijamani a encinane (elincinane) amanzi ibhere. Okuninzi iinkcukacha kakhulu izidalwa ziye zahlolwa ezichazwe yi-Italian sebhayoloji Lazzaro Spallanzani, yaye kwenzeka ngo-1776. Ngenxa ukuhamba olucothayo kakhulu izilwanyana, igama kubo il tardigrado, okubangela igama elisemthethweni zenzululwazi waba elithi Tardigrada, ie Tardigrada.

water bear Structure

Into yokuqala ukuqaphela xa wafunda Tardigrada - ubungakanani isilwanyana. Species saselwandle uvelisa kukho malunga 960, kunye nexabiso lomzimba wabo isusela ukusuka 0.1 ukuya milimitha enye enesiqingatha. Nkqu ndlovu inkulu ukuqwalasela ngaphandle ngemicroscope kunzima kakhulu. Tardigrades iklasi ifakiwe ezingenamqolo kufuneka steklistoe, umzimba kwawo, abangaboniyo lwaphulwa-4 ziqwempu constrictions. Ngenxa yobukho kwiqokobhe chitinous kunye bear amanzi nokuchitha ngamaxesha kuthelekiswa maxa wambi izinambuzane. iintlobo ezininzi abakhoyo izibini ezine imilenze, kodwa enye "zeengxondorha 'elincinane, kukho ubude kuphela isishumi ndlela, yinto ngaphandle: lidini-enemilenze-Tardigrada ezintandathu. umlenze nganye iphela neenzipho inani lamaqhosha 4-6. Laba lokugqibela imilenze ibonakaliswa ukusuka phezulu ukuya ngasemva.

"Umntu" singabi engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye embhoxo nomqokeleli uthuli phezu vacuum cleaner. Roth lixhotyiswe oluthile Upper, zona amanzi ingena ukutya esikhumbeni. Ezi zilwanyana ukuzinza, wokudla, iinkqubo ekuzaleni yaye uvalo, kodwa akukho kwegazi kunye zemiphunga. Endaweni egazini lweHo- umzimba uphela ithatha ulwelo okhethekileyo, nomphefumlo tardigrades ulusu. Baye ezongezelelweyo amalungu oyivileyo njenge iperi waso, kwaye, Isimanga ngokwaneleyo, amehlo, ezo ikakhulu amatshatshazi ezimnyama emzimbeni phambi, kodwa hayi kwi sayithi, apho kubizwa intloko.

A water bear umbala, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zeendawo ezikuzo. Hue ube kuluhlu imibala-orenji - obomvu okanye umnquma - esiluhlaza bumnyama.

Tardigrades nobudala ezahlukeneyo, kodwa amaduna kakhulu anqabe ngaphezu abafazi, amatyala ezininzi kangaka ukubhalwa parthenogenesis (yokuzala ngaphandle ukuqhamisa).

Tardigrades zisasazwe ehlabathini lonke ukususela ekweleenjiko ukuya Arctic Circle. Noko ke, ukuba ukhetha, bakhetha ulele ezimanzi kunye ubulembu. Distribution emanzini kukuthwala kwisixando: umntu ihambisa ngenxa umoya okanye amanzi flow, kwaye atshintshelwe iintaka yokuphinda izilwanyana ezinoboya.

Iimpawu amandla

bear amanzi tardigrades, inkoliso yabo siphila ngokuxhaphaza ubulembu ulele ezincinane kunye neentsholongwane. iintlobo ezintathu olwandle olwaye lwamfimfitha kuphela saselwandle esineqokobhe, ezingenamqolo ezinkulu amanzi kunye cucumber olwandle. uhlobo Malunga nesiqingatha elinesibini of water bear - frank ezizingelayo, xa ukutya equka micro-eziphilayo kunye ziintshulube; ezinjalo Tardigrada yingozi ngisho yabo - mu ishishini lakhe imihla ngemihla.

isidalwa unkillable

Ubuninzi Izazinzulu abanomdla emanzini bhere yayo sasisenamandla. Ezi zidalwa bayakwazi ukusindisa ubomi babo kunye nesakhono ukuze bakhule ngendlela ebanzi uluhlu ubushushu - ukusuka kwiqanda ingundoqo (-273 degrees) ukuya ubushushu kunzima 150. Baya kusinda kwimvelo ezikhohlakeleyo, okufana ne umoya emanzini. Imitha kwakhona ukuba angabi ngumqobo gqithi ukusinda: emva zokukhanya yayo ithamo ka 570.000 X-ray amabhere isiqingatha amanzi basinda. Ukudluliselwa: ezibulalayo kubantu radiation "kuphela" 500 X-reyi. Kunye tardigrades asinda ndandingakwazi ukunika (kwaye unike) nenzala.

uzinzo space

Eyona bonke, ngokwesayensi banomdla ubuchule Tardigrada ukumelana nendawo iimeko. Ngo-2008, iqela elalisenza uphando nelalikhokelwa eziphila Swede Ingmar Jonsson wathumela Earth orbit nebhetshi yolwazi tardigrades. Elinye iqela yafakwa emoyeni, owesibini ngaxeshanye okufakwe imisebe, zimbini ziye phantsi unyango yelanga ukukhanya kakhulu. Izifundo kwisithuba evulekileyo siye sahlala iintsuku ezili-10 kwaye phantse ngaphandle kokukhetha zaye ziphawulwe. Noko ke, ekubuyeni kwakhe iimeko ezithandwa kakhulu ezininzi zezidalwa ezincinane ebomini, lo gama kugcinwe ubuchule ukuzala.

Isisekelo nokusinda

Ukukwazi, apho amanzi ukuthuthela kuyo ibhere uluhlu olubanzi enjalo kwezimo - ukukwazi ukungena kokuba ebekhe wazifihla yi anhydrobiosis kolawulo. Ngamanye amazwi, Tardigrada entsha ngokwakhe, eshiya umzimba wakhe isixa kakhulu amanzi. Kwaye ukuba ukulahlekelwa ngabo, iifom Tardigrada phezu komhlaba emzimbeni uhlobo wax iqokobhe. Kwifomu lomiswa tardigrades isebenze imisebenzi eyongezelelweyo yokhuselo: zinemoletyhule iswekile ukuthintela ukwandiswa iiseli uqala ukuvelisa antioxidants leyo ukuxhathisa radiation nokwala ukutshatyalaliswa DNA. Kwi ukwamkelwa tardigrades umzimba ngamanzi bume uqalisa simunce, yaye yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo buyisa.

iintshaba Natural water bear

Nangona ukomelela, bear lamanzi uyafa. counteracting ngempumelelo izinto ezingalunganga lwangaphandle, loo kakhulu Akunanto abazingeli zazidlala ukuba adle nabo. Ukongezelela izalamane zabo, tardigrades bako ukuhlaselwa rotifers, amangolwane, springtails, nasesangqeni neempethu, lo ezidla izinambuzane ezahlukeneyo yenamvuna. Icandelo tardigrades kufa, ukuba ixhoba ezidla mushroom hyphae amasango ayo engekho apho, njengokuba ngomgibe, amanzi wanamathela ibhere, ebezikuyo zixhobo ezinzwaneni akhule kuyo. Ukongeza, kukho nomngundo, ogama zavuleka nomtsalane tardigrades kwisicwangciso ukutya. Noko ke, kanye ethunjini lebhere amanzi, imbewu isiqhuma, usebenzisa isilwanyana njengolwimi kwezondlo.