A revolution omkhulu mveliso: mpumelelo kunye neengxaki (jonga itheyibhile)

A revolution omkhulu mveliso, impumelelo kunye neengxaki eziza kuxoxwa kweli nqaku, yaqala eNgilani (kwinkulungwane ye-XVIII) kunye ngcembe basasazeke impucuko ehlabathini. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba oomatshini lwemveliso, ukukhula koqoqosho kunye sendalo kuluntu mveliso yale mihla. Isihloko ehlanganiswa indlela yembali kwaye kwibanga wesibhozo iya kuba luncedo kubafundi nakubazali.

Le ngcamango

I nkcazelo uqhuma kunokubonwa kulo mfanekiso ungentla. It lasebenza kuqala yezoqoqosho Adolph Blanqui France ngo-1830. Sisungule ithiyori ye-Marxists kunye Arnold Toynbee (mbali IsiNgesi). INguqu Industrial - ayikho inkqubo i yokuzivelela ephathelene ne inkangeleko ngokusekelwe kwesayensi iimoto ezintsha zenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe (ezinye sele ezazikho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVIII), kunye nokudlulisela yokunikana umbutho omtsha umsebenzi - yemveliso umatshini-mveliso omkhulu, owathatha mveliso umsebenzi wezandla.

Kule ncwadi kukho ezinye iinkcazelo lo mhlola, kuquka nokuqaliswa kwenkqubo yezoshishino. Kuyinto esebenzayo lokuqala revolution, ngexesha apho ezintathu:

• I-revolution industrial: ukuvela ushishino oluqhelekileyo olutsha - lobunjineli kunye nokudalwa injini (ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane XVIII - kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX).
• Umbutho yemveliso ngobuninzi ngenxa yokusetyenziswa iikhemikhali kunye nombane (ukusuka kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX). Inqanaba lokuqala ezichongiweyo Devid Lendis.
• Ukusetyenziswa ekuvelisweni kobugcisa bolwazi nonxibelelwano (ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX - langoku). Zesayensi, eqongeni wesithathu akukho ukuvumelana.

I-Industrial Revolution (revolution mveliso): ngenqgondo esisiseko

Kuba umbutho yemveliso mveliso kufuna eziliqela iimeko, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo:

• Ukuba khona kwabasebenzi - abantu evinjwa impahla yabo.
• Ukuba nokwenzeka kwintengiso yeempahla (iimarike).
• Ubukho abantu abazizityebi kunye yokonga imali.

Ngaphambili, zonke ezi meko kwasekwa eNgilani, apho, emva kokuba revolution kwenkulungwane XVII oohlohlesakhe weza ngamandla. Ukufihlwa komhlaba ukusuka abalimi kunye Ilishwa leminyaka amagcisa kukhuphiswano eshushu manufactories wadala umkhosi omkhulu abahlelekileyo, abasweleyo kwemivuzo. Ukwakha abalimi esixekweni kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni kubekho buthathaka yoqoqosho zendalo. Ukuba belali ngokwabo ukuveza iimpahla kunye nempahla ngokwabo, baloo dolophu kwanyanzeleka ukuba kuthenga kubo. Rhweba ngaphandle kwempahla emfutshane phesheya, njengoko lizwe kuphuhliswa-kakuhle. Ezandleni loohlohlesakhe waqokelela iingeniso buvela kunaniselwano ngamakhoboka, bayaphanga bobukoloniyali kunye nezibonelelo ezisuka eIndiya. I-revolution industrial (inguqu kwezemisebenzi manual kumatshini) eyenzeka ngenxa eziliqela izinto ezinzulu.

ojikeleza

I-revolution industrial kuqala yachukumisa ishishini cotton, kakhulu phambili kweli lizwe. Amanqanaba imishini kungabonwa kule theyibhile.

Edmund Kartrayt ngcono yomluki (1785), kuba nabaluki babengakwazi ukwenza vulu kangangoko ekuveliseni mveliso eNgilani. Ukwandisa imveliso ukuya kumaxesha 40 - isiqinisekiso kungcono kwafika revolution yezoshishino. Impumelelo kunye nemingeni (itheyibhile) kuya kwenziwa kwinqaku. Bona enxulumene imfuneko okucingelwayo fyabo amandla ekhethekileyo isizathu, nto leyo akuxhomekekanga phezu kufutshane kwamanzi.

umphunga-injini

Ufuna umthombo omtsha wamandla kwakubalulekile kuphela kushishino ukwaluka, kodwa kwakhona kwishishini lezemigodi, apho imibutho yabasebenzi iye kakhulu. Sele 1711, uThomas Newcomen uzame ukudala pump umphunga lwenziwe piston kunye lombhobho, nto leyo lesitofu emanzini. Yaba lilinge lokuqala kakhulu ukuba ukusebenzisa umphunga. Umbhali engcono injini ngo-1763 waba Dzheyms Uatt. Ngowe-1784 enelungelo le injini yokuqala amanyathelo kabini, esetyenziswa lokusila ojikeleza. Ukuqaliswa patents wenza ukuba ukhuselo copyright abasunguli, nto leyo yanceda susumetela ukuba izinto ezintsha. Ngaphandle kweli nyathelo kwakungekho revolution mveliso kunokwenzeka.

Inkqubela kunye Imingeni (itafile iboniswe kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi) abonisa ukuba revolution injini ekhuthaza uphuhliso lwamashishini ezothutho. Ukufika zikaloliwe lokuqala yimiqolo ogudileyo ezinxulumene igama George Stephenson (1814), ngokobuqu alilawulwa 1825 uloliwe iinqwelo 33 phezu okokuqala kwimbali zikaloliwe lezakhiwo. ubude bayo umzila we-30 km ujoyine Stockton kunye Darlington. Ngu-kwinkulungwane ye, bonke eNgilani ibiyelwe inethiwekhi ye noololiwe. A kwangethuba i-American Robert Fulton, owayesebenza eFransi, lo steamboat wokuqala (1803) iye ihlolwe.

ntuthuko engineering

kufuneka yenziwe ukuphumeza, ngaphandle apho kwakungayi kuba kunokwenzeka Revolution Industrial kule theyibhile ingentla - inguqu ukusuka efektri ukuya mveliso. Wayila le lathe, Ukwenza usike neenkozo zepistasi, iibholiti. Umkhandi eNgilani Genri Modsli wenza impumelelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini, ngempumelelo ekudaleni ushishino oluqhelekileyo olutsha - obunjineli boomatshini (1798-1800). Ukuqinisekisa oomatshini basefektri kufuneka oomatshini edaliwe ukuvelisa abanye oomatshini. Kungekudala kwabakho planing kunye noomatshini nokugaya (1817, 1818). Mechanical Engineering negalelo kuphuhliso yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye namalahle, elathi eNgilani ukuliphuphumalisa amanye amazwe nempahla cheap zenziwe. Ngenxa yoko, yena ngokuba "kumasifundisane ihlabathi".

umsebenzi Collective kunye nophuhliso loshishino isixhobo Umatshini iye yaba yimfuneko. Ebumba uhlobo olutsha lomsebenzi - yenza umsebenzi omnye kuphela kwaye ayikho nako ukuvelisa imveliso ogqityiweyo ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya ekugqibeleni. Kubekho isebe imikhosi yengqondo lo msebenzi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela ziingcali abafanelekayo, yenza isiseko abakumgangatho ophakathi. INguqu Industrial - ngumba lobuchwepheshe kuphela, kodwa iziphumo embi.

Imiphumela zentlalo

Eyona ngenxa revolution industrial - ukudala uluntu mveliso. Lubonakala ngu:

• inkululeko Personal yabemi.
• ubudlelwane Market.
• imveliso yorhwebo.
• yotshintsho Technical.
• Ubume entsha inkampani (i ngakumbi ubukho bezinto abahlali basezidolophini, udidi ezithile ngokwezinga).
• Competition.

Kukho izakhono ezintsha zobugcisa (izithuthi, uqhagamshelwano), nto leyo iphucula umgangatho wobomi babantu. Kodwa ukusukela ingeniso, oohlohlesakhe wayefuna iindlela zokunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi, nto leyo eye yakhokelela ekubeni ukusetyenziswa kwezi kwabasetyhini kunye nabantwana. Society zahlulwe zibe iiklasi ezimbini eziphikisanayo: oohlohlesakhe kunye sabasebenzi.

Ingaba nabalimi wonakele yaye amagcisa ayikwazanga ukufumana umsebenzi ngenxa yokuba ukungabikho kwemisebenzi. Izinto bakholwa umatshini, endaweni nabo emsebenzini, ngoko isibuko ukuqala nxamnye koomatshini. Abasebenzi aphula izixhobo iifektri ukuba aphawula ukuqala umzabalazo nxamnye nokuxhaphaza. Ukukhula beebhanki nokwandisa eyinkunzi ingeniswe kwi eNgilani ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX, kwakhokelela yokuhlawula amatyala eliphantsi kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni intlekele ekuyo i-hormone ngo-1825. Oku ifuthe ezibangele ukuba revolution yezoshishino.

Impumelelo kunye nemingeni (Itheyibhile): Iziphumo ye revolution yezoshishino

Uluhlu malunga revolution mveliso (impumelelo kunye nemingeni) abuyonto ngaphandle kuthathelwa ingqalelo umgaqo-nkqubo imiba angaphandle. Uninzi noludumileyo kwezoqoqosho British ngenkulungwane XIX ukuba ayinakuphikiswa. Yena alawula kwimarike yorhwebo yehlabathi, ephuhlisa ngokukhawuleza. Inxaxheba kwinqanaba lokuqala kukhuphiswano kwaba Bulelani kuphela nkqubo okunenjongo France uNapoleon Bonaparte. uphuhliso loqoqosho ezimagqagala lwamazwe kunokubonwa kulo mfanekiso ungezantsi.

Inqanaba lesibini revolution: ukuvela abadibeneyo

Technical nobani lesibini yeqonga uchazwe apha ngasentla (bona. № picture 4). Primary phakathi kwazo wayila iindlela ezintsha zoqhagamshelwano (inombolo yefoni, koonomathotholo kunye yocingo) injini yokuvutha kwangaphakathi kunye neziko steelmaking. Ukuvela kwimithombo emitsha ekunokufunyanwa kuyo amandla ngenxa ukufunyanwa yesibambiso ioli. Oku ukuba UKarl Benz okokuqala ukwenza imoto kwindawo injini yepetroli (1885). Xa inkonzo woMntu weza chemistry, apho okunamandla zokwenziwa zadalwa.

Ngemise- ezintsha (kuphuhliso amasimi yeoli, umzekelo), kufuneka imali eninzi. Yaqinisa inkqubo ingqalelo yi ngokudibana, kwakunye nokuvela lwabo neebhanki, ogama indima liye landa kakhulu. Kukho bodwa - iinkampani enamandla ezilawula zombini zemveliso kunye nokuthengisa. Banika ukunyuka ukuya revolution mveliso. Impumelelo kunye Imingeni (etafileni uboniswe ngezantsi) ezinxulumene ne neziphumo ukuvela bodwa ongxowankulu. Iintlobo abadibeneyo emfanekisweni.

Imiphumo kwisigaba sesibini sale revolution yezoshishino

Le uphuhliso olungalinganiyo lwamazwe kunye ukuvela beenkampani ezinkulu ziye zakhokelela iimfazwe ukuba redivision zehlabathi, iimarike kwikhompyutha kunye nemithombo ezintsha zempahla ekrwada. Phakathi kuka-1870 ukuya 1955 yaba amabini ezivakalayo emkhosini. inani elikhulu kumazwe iyababandakanya le kwiimfazwe ezimbini zehlabathi. Ukudalwa bodwa ngamazwe kwakhokelela ukuba ukwahlulwa koqoqosho zehlabathi phantsi ukongamela kwalowo oligarchy zemali. Endaweni yoko, ukuthunyelwa kwempahla beenkampani ezinkulu baqalisa ngaphandle eyinkunzi, ukudala imveliso kumazwe abarhola imivuzo ephantsi. Phakathi kwamazwe, kugcwele bodwa, umonakalo nokugcina namashishini amancinane.

Kodwa kwakhona eninzi elihle athwale revolution mveliso. Impumelelo kunye nemingeni (netafile thaca kwi-sub-isihloko yokugqibela) sesibini isigaba - wabongamela iziphumo ezifunyaniswe zizazinzulu nobuchwepheshe, nokudalwa kweziseko yoluntu, ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha zokuphila. capitalism abadla bodwa - eyona ndlela elichubekileyo imo yobungxowankulu kwimveliso apho zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo oluntu yamaphephandaba kunye neengxaki azibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi.

Iziphumo sesibini isigaba

Industrial Revolution: mpumelelo kunye neengxaki (jonga itheyibhile)

I-Industrial Revolution, impumelelo kunye neengxaki eziza thaca kwi amacwecwe amabini (kwinqanaba lokuqala nelesibini), - impumelelo enkulu impucuko. Inguqu kwimveliso mveliso sakhatshwa inkqubela zobugcisa. Nangona kunjalo, ubungozi emfazwe neentlekele zokusingqongileyo kufuna ukuba uphuhliso ubuchwepheshe bale mihla kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo ezintsha yamandla phantsi kolawulo lwamaziko zentlalo humanistic.