Abraham Maslow. "Isizathu kunye nobuntu": isishwankathelo, ukuphononongwa

UAbraham Maslow ungumqondo wezengqondo waseMelika ophuhlise umzekelo wehlabathi jikelele weenjongo kunye neemfuno zabantu. Nangona ukuba kukho ingcaciso ecacileyo yeembono zakhe zifundwa kwi-faculty ye-psychology, ngoku kunzima ukufumana umntu ongazange ave nge-"pyramid yezidingo" ezidumileyo.

Incwadi ebalulekileyo yenzululwazi

Ukusuka emsebenzini weMaslow "Isizathu kunye noBuntu", nangona kunjalo, abafundi kuphela kunye neenkcukacha zengqondo ziya kubutha ulwazi. Unomdla kubathishela, kumashishini abeshishini, kwizentlalo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, lo msebenzi uza kutsala nabani na obuza umbuzo malunga nento ekhoyo kwisiseko somntu oshukumisayo kunye nesidingo.

Olu phephancwadi lushicilelwe ngaphezu kwesigqithi senkulungwane edlulileyo. Kodwa nangona kukho iimbono ezininzi zokukhuthaza, kusasazo. Inzala yomuntu, imibuzo enganiki ukuphumla, yizona zizathu zokuthi umfundi waseMerika waseRashiya uvelaphi uAbraham Maslow waqalisa ukubhala lo msebenzi. Iinjongo kunye nobuntu ziingcamango ezibini ezifundwa nguye. Ziyaboniswa kwakhona kwisihloko sencwadi yakhe.

Ubuntwana kunye nolutsha olumaslow

Kumele kuthiwe uAbraham Maslow ebuntwaneni kwakungekho nto engenamfuba. Abazali bakhe bathuthela eMelika ngaphambi kokuba azalwe. Intsapho yayisoloko isempikiswaneni. Ukongezelela, le nkwenkwe ilizuze umbukiso wakwaYuda kubabawo, ngoko ke kwafuneka athathe okokuqala okokuphi ukulwa nobuYuda. Nangona ukuba impumelelo yezemfundo kaMaslow yayiphakamileyo kakhulu, ubutsha bakhe bendlulela kwedwa kunye noxinzelelo.

Ukuqhelana nolwazi lwengqondo

Kwixesha elizayo, uMaslow, ngesinconywa sikayise, unquma ukuzinikele ekufundeni kwezomthetho. Kodwa, xa sele ndiyazi kakuhle i-Psychology, kushiya sele sele ivela kwikhosi yokuqala. Wafumana imfundo yakhe kwiYunivesithi yaseWisconsin eMadison, waza waqala ukusebenza njengomfundisi kwiikholeji. Wasebenzisa njengomncedisi wesazinzulu owaziwayo-u-Edward Thorndike. Wamkela isihloko somongameli we-American Psychological Association ngo-1967. UMaslow wakhuthazwa kakhulu ngumsebenzi kaJohn Watson.

Isizathu esisisiseko

Kwincwadi ethi Maslow "Impembelelo kunye nobuntu" isakhiwo seemfuno, izakhiwo zabo eziphambili, mbe mbelelo kwinqanaba lokukhuthaza umntu. I-Maslow Pyramid inezibhloko , ngasinye sibonisa intswelo ethile-ukusuka kwisiseko ukuya phezulu. Lo mzekelo kulula kakhulu ukuchaza ngomzekelo. Izidingo zabantu ezisisiseko zifuna iimfuno zomzimba njengendlala kunye nokunxanwa. Ukubona kwabo, akakho umntu oza kucinga, ngokomzekelo, malunga nefilosofi ye-postmodernism. Ngoko ke, kwindawo yokuqala, iimfuno ezibalulekileyo zomzimba kufuneka zidibene.

Emva koko landela imfuno yokhuseleko-kokubili ngokomzimba nangokomzwelo. Kubalulekile ukuba ube nophahla phezu kwentloko yakho, ukuba uphile ngaphandle kokusongela ebukhosini.

Xa ezi zidingo zizaliswa, umntu uqala ukufuna ukwanelisa iimfuno zeklasi ephakamileyo-ukuhlonelwa kwentlalo, uvelwano. Ngenxa yentswelo yobudlelwane ilandela imfuno yokuzihlonela, oko kukuthi, ngoku umntu ufuna ukuzimela nokukhokela.

Ingqungquthela yePiramidi yeMaslow yimfuneko yokuzimela ngokwabo. Xa zonke ezinye iimfuno zanelisekile, umntu unokuqala ukuqonda ngokukhululekileyo into enokuthi ivela kuyo ngokwemvelo.

Ngoko, ngomzuzu ngamnye wexesha elingalawulwayo kufuneka ulawulo lokuziphatha. Kwaye kaninzi abazange baneliseke kuze kube sekupheleni. Yingakho abantu abafikelele kwinqanaba lokuzimela kwabo ebomini babo, malunga ne-2%, njengoko besithi kwincwadi ethi Maslow "Motivation and Personality."

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwe-Maslow'sory?

Ukusebenza kunye nokuyiyo impawu eziphambili iimfundiso zobuntu kunye nokukhuthaza. A. Maslow, ekuqaleni uthabathelwe yimibono yokuziphatha, ize ifike kwisigqibo: ezi ngcamango ziphinda zizaliswe kakuhle kwibhubhoratri, kodwa zincinci ngokufana nendlela yokuphila yangempela yomntu, ifilosofi yakhe.

Ingxaki enkulu yengqondo

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ku funeka kuqatshelwe: isithuba phakathi kweengcamango nokusebenza kuyona ngxaki enkulu yesayensi yengqondo. Ngelishwa, abo bantu baphendukela kwizengqondo zengcebiso, akukho mntu uvula ikhethini. Kwaye akukho namnye onokuziphendula malunga nombuzo wokuba ingaba le okanye loo ngcali iza kuba nako ukunceda.

Ukuhlukana kwengqondo kwizinto eziyinyani: umzekelo

Enye yeempawu eziphambili zeengcali zeengqondo, kunye neengcamango ezinzulu zengqondo, kukuhlaziywa kwezenzo zokunceda abantu. Oku kuhambelana ngqo ne-Maslow theory. Lo mzekelo uboniswe kakuhle yimibono yabantu abafuna uncedo kwiindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zengqondo ye-psychotherapists ekwenzeni unyango: utywala, ukugembula, ukutshaya. Abaninzi beengqondo ze-psychotherapists basebenzisa ubuchule bokufaka indawo ekugqibeleni ubunzima obunjalo, ngokubhekiselele ukuba yiphi enye inokuthi ithathe indawo yokuxhomekeka komntu omnye - kule meko, ivelise ngakumbi. Ukudlula enye okanye amabini amanyathelo eMaslow pyramid, bacebisa izigulane zabo ukuba zithathe indawo yokuxhomekeka, ziqala ukubandakanya ekuzifezeni. Izidingo ezinganelisekiyo zezinga eliphantsi, ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, zisenza bazive ngathi: owayengunxilongo okanye uKazanova kakhulu ungetela ukuba "athathe indawo" ngokuxhomekeka kwayo kunye neminye imisebenzi, ithi, i-beadwork. Kwaye unokuthi umlutha uyayiqonda njani into enokuthi ihlale kwindawo ephakamileyo yeemfuno zakhe, kude kubekho iimfuno zakhe zothando, intlonelo, uvelwano, ubuhlobo, ukuxhamla kobudlelwane obuphathekayo kunye nabantu banelisekile?

Abantu bayadumala kwi-psychotherapy, banika imali eninzi. Omnye uza kuba ngumfanekiso ukuba bonke abaphathi bezengqondo basebenzise umsebenzi we-Maslow "Ukukhuthaza nokuBantu" emsebenzini. Ukuphonononga, kubalulekile ukukholelwa, kuya kuba ngcono kangangoko malunga neengqondo zengqondo, kunye neendlela zokusebenza kwengqondo ngokubanzi.

Incwadi kaMaslow ethi "Ukukhuthaza nokuBantu": isishwankathelo esifutshane

Inxalenye yokuqala yencwadi inikezelwe ekufundeni intsingiselo yeemfuno, indlela ukwaneliseka ngayo okuchaphazela ukuphuhliswa komntu, ukuphuhliswa komlingani wakhe, kunye neengcamango zesimo saso siyahlolwa kwakhona. UMaslow uthi lo wokwakha usebenza kumntu kumncinci. Nangona iimeko zendalo ziyisiseko kuzo zonke izenzo zakhe, ukuziphatha kuqhutyelwa kakhulu kwizityalo kunye nemeko.

Kwinqanaba elilandelayo, ingqondo yempilo yengqondo, indima yokukhungatheka kwiimfuno zeentlanganiso, umbuzo wokwamkela ukuziphatha okubi uhlolisiswa. UMaslow uthi isimo sengqondo esilungileyo singathinteli ukugqithisa; ngoko ke, kuyimfuneko rhoqo ukuqwalasela iimeko zokusingqongileyo, ucinge nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha, kubandakanywa nokulimala.

Okulandelayo, uMaslow uhlola abantu abazimeleyo, iimpawu zobume babo. Ukongezelela, isahlulo sesithathu sigxile kwimicimbi yothando, kunye nokudala kunye nokubonakaliswa kwayo.

Inxalenye yokugqibela yencwadi ethi Maslow "Motivation and Personality" ihlolisisa indima yobugcisa kwisayensi, imicimbi yendlela, ixabiso leendlela ezipheleleyo.

Maslow izingcingo ukuba ziqwalasele umntu kungekuphela kwimeko yokuthelekisa umntu ophilileyo ngengqondo. Nabani na onomdla kwimibandela yokuziphendulela ngokufanelekileyo unokucebisa ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi oyintloko oo-Abraham Maslow wadala- "Ukukhuthaza nokuBantu." Ukuphononongwa kwabafundi abaninzi baye baboniswa ngaphezu kwesizukulwana esinye: lo msebenzi uza kunceda ukufikelela eziphakamileyo kunye nokuziqonda kumntu ngamnye.