Apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa? Iintlobo ukubulawa nezimo zengqondo

In ukubulawa Greek - "ukufa elungileyo", yaye maxa onke amaxesha ithuba umntu ogula ukufa bezenzela ngokwabo, kungekho intlungu nokubandezeleka, inkxaso okanye phikisa zonqulo, nasemsebenzini, kunye noluntu zonyango. Namhlanje, siyazi apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa. Bona, ngengozi, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa nkqu uhlobo olulodwa ukhenketho lwezonyango - ukuzibulala kwezokhenketho, oko kukuthi, lo ngowona uhambo ukuba kude ebomini ngaphandle kolibaziseko esemthethweni.

indaba

Enyanisweni, ukubulawa kwabantu abagulayo kunye nabantwana baze benze ngawo onke amaxesha. Eli gama iingcambu lesiGrike, njengoko kwakunjalo amaGrike wathabatha eyokuqala beziqhelisa namaqabane kwabangxwelerhiweyo kwi edabini, ngoko musa ubunzima ngenxa yokulimala esinganyangekiyo. khumbula thina sonke, yaye yiSparta bamandulo, abo Bawuyeka eliweni ogulayo okanye abantwana usisiqhwala ukuze kupheliswe kuphela iinkxalabo ngokwabo, kodwa ukuze kuphele iintlungu umntwana. Hi ndlela leyi, Ngokwesiqhelo, ethnographers uphando, baba ukusetyenziswa phakathi kwezizwe bamandulo, ezifana Far North okanye Pacific de kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Kwihlabathi mihla phambi yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, kwakungekho ukuvalwa ukubulawa, yaye kuchasene imigaqo yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko eluntwini. Nangona kunjalo, inkqubo T4 ngamaNazi, ngexesha apho amaJamani uyawalwela ekuhlambululeni kogqatso Aryan, wababulala abantu Ugula ngengqondo nkqu nabantwana, ngokunjalo izigulane abagula ngengqondo, ehlisa ngezimvo kwiminyaka engama-50 ezayo.

Theory ihambisane ukubulawa

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje of ukubulawa - a ukupheliswa enobuntu lobomi umntu ukufa ne kwemvume yakhe (okanye izalamane zakhe) ukuze ukuphelisa intlungu yakhe. Oku kusetyenziswa ikakhulu kwimeko apho umgangatho wobomi isigulane kwelona nqanaba lisezantsi, kwaye nguye ziintlungu, kwaye akukho ithuba achache.

Kwakhona, iintlobo ezimbini ukubulawa ahluka namhlanje:

• Zava - kusebenza kwiimeko apho isigulane oludityaniswe inkqubo yenkxaso yobomi. Kulo mzekelo, oogqirha nje ndinqumle kulo umntu evela izixhobo ezixhasa ubomi. Amaninzi nto yenzelwa ukuba izigulane isiqaqa nzulu kunye kwemvume nezalamane.
• Active - ukuqaliswa kweziyobisi kwisigulana, yokuqinisekisa ukufa ekhawulezileyo elula. Oku kudla ngenaliti okanye amayeza ekwimo elulwelo, esimelela cocktail nadlamkisayo, barbiturates kunye zomzimba. Oku kuquka iimeko apho Ugqirha ukubonelela ngenani elifunekayo iyeza ngenxa yakhe self-care ubomi umntu.

iinkalo ezahlukileyo ukubulawa

ukhetho Complex eloyikekayo - ukuqhubeka ukuhlala isifo esinganyangekiyo, nazo intlungu nokubandezeleka, ngaloo ndlela dooming ukuba izalamane, okanye wenze isigqibo logama nje umntu usakwazi ukubonisa nangokuqonda - lo umba ophambili ukubulawa. Izikhubekiso ephambili kwimibandela semthethweni - zomthetho, ukuziphatha, kunye nonqulo.

Umba ilula - zomthetho. Kumazwe apho ukubulawa engaqondanga, oko kuthathwa nokubulala. Kwamanye amazwe, njengoko enjalo, ukubulawa akuvumelekanga, kodwa uyasetyenziswa, kodwa zigqutyuthelwe nezinye iinkqubo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze ugqirha enza le nkqubo, bangazange babe namava iingxaki kunye nomthetho kwixesha elizayo.

Nzima kunye nemiba yokuziphatha kunye nenkolo. Kwelinye icala, oko ukuzibulala kunye nokubulala, kwaye iicawa ezininzi kusisono ofayo, kwaye nkqu nakwimo yiSoviet soxinzelelo phezulu umntu kule miba. Le urhulumente ndandingakwazi ukuthatha uxanduva nokusombulula ukuba alahle ubomi bomnye umntu, nkqu kunye imvume lomguli. Yaye oogqirha abaninzi asinabuganga ukwenza imisebenzi efana ziphikisana kuphela imigaqo yokuziphatha, kodwa i Hippocratic Isifungo.

in Russia

amazwe Ethetha apho ukuba ukubulawa Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Russian Federation akasayi kufakwa kolu luhlu. Kwilizwe lethu ulinganiswa ukuba ukubulawa iqondo uxanduva, yaye lo mba ilawulwa yi-Code yoLwaphulo kunye nomthetho, eyile uMthetho Federal № 323 "Ngokwesiseko wokhuseleko lwempilo yoluntu kwi-Russian Federation."

Enikiweyo amazwe ukuba ukubulawa abasemzini, abemi Russia ungaya kude kangaka kuphela uhambo lokugqibela omnye wabo. okokugqibela ngo-2007 egameni zamasekela wenza isindululo izilungiso iKhowudi zoLwaphulo kunye ukubulawa avumele eRashiya, kodwa isindululo kwakuphendulwa kunokujala ovuthuzayo, oluntu kunye Waziqhiwula yena.

Kukweliphi ilizwe uvumelekile ukubulawa kwabantu

Emva kokuba kufa izigidi zabantu ngamaNazi ukubulawa vala ehlabathini lonke ephucukile. kweminyaka engama-50 kuphela kamva, lo mbuzo waqalisa ukuphakamisa eYurophu. Ngenxa kule ngoku sazi apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa. Olu luhlu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Netherlands.
• Belgium.
• Luxembourg.
• Albania.
• Switzerland (e Zurich kuphela).
• United States (kuphela Vermont, Oregon, Washington, Georgia).
• Canada.

Kuchazwa ngawaphi amazwe ukuba ukubulawa, siphawula ukuba kukho amazwe apho kungekho Umthetho esesikweni, kodwa kukho izandulela zenzeke. Kuyinto Japan kunye Colombia. Kula mazwe, kwezinye iimeko zibe khona ukumangalelana. Sekunjalo, kula mazwe, ukubulawa liyi- kunokwenzeka.

umkhuba lwangoku

Ngowe-1984, i-Netherlands kuqala lwanika ilungelo yokurhoxa ngokuzithandela kubomi nzima yaye kabuhlungu abagulayo abantu. Emva ukusebenza Netherlands bencediswa kwamanye amazwe Benelux, ezizezi, Belgium kunye Luxembourg. E Luxembourg, ngasendleleni, umguli uzimisele ukufumana ukubulawa, kufuneka afumane imvume koogqirha ezimbini. Apha oogqirha ukwenza nokugcina iirekhodi ezifanelekileyo ukungqina ukuba isigqibo sokuba afe kwenziwa kwizigulana okanye izalamane, kodwa akazange abe impazamo okanye ukuthanda mthetho lo gqirha.

Ngowe-1999, Albania uvumele ukubulawa nje kwizigulane isiqaqa phambi kwemvume izalamane ezintathu. Nangona inkqubo yogunyaziso lowiso, yamaKatolika iCawa, Esiqinileyo kakhulu kweli lizwe, abandakanyeke ubuxoki ukuthintelwa ukubulawa.

Ukususela ngo-2002, umthetho Dutch on ukubulawa nabantwana ngaphezu kweminyaka eli-12, yaye ukususela ngowama-2014 e-Belgium, naziphi izithintelo ubudala uye wavunyelwa, oko kukuthi, nkqu kumntwana nawuphi na ukuze elaya ngemvume yomzali wakhe okanye umlondolozi.

Njengoko Netherlands kunye Belgium - ilizwe nomnye iimeko mildest of ukubulawa, igunya nokungena abakhenkethi ezixhalabisayo ukuzibulala eziliqela caveats, iimeko iinkqubo toughening. Umzekelo, kuyaqondakala ukuba phakathi isigulane kunye ugqirha kufuneka ube nobuhlobo.

Ukususela ngowe-1941, ukubulawa kuvunyelwa Canton of Zürich e-Switzerland. Apha kulapho ukuzibulala ukhenketho kuchuma, ubukhulu becala abemi eNgilani eJamani, esazi apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa, liya Zurich ngenxa inaliti ebulalayo. Ngenxa ukuthamba kwemithetho yendawo abantu ngokoqobo emgqeni ukuba ithuba lokuphuma ebomini. Ngaphezu koko, kude kube ngo-2011, lo mbuzo: "Ngowe apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa esempilweni, oko kukuthi, hayi abantu abagulela ukufa?" - i-Swiss waba impendulo: "Zurich". uluntu nemvukelo lanyanzela urhulumente ukuba athathe izilungiso ezifanelekileyo, kwaye kuphela ngoku abemi ogula ehlabathini lonke uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana ukufa apha.

Ngowe-2016, Canada amphakamisele ukuvalwa uncedo lwezonyango xa ngokuzibulala abagulela ukufa. Ngoku lo mthetho uyilwayo eyipasile isivumelwano esisemthethweni. Noko ke, ngokutsho kwakhe, hayi zonke izigulane ungafumana elifanelekileyo, kodwa nje kuphela, oko kukuthi, abo abe esibuhlungu isiphelo sisondele kwaye elingenakuphikiswa. Oko kukuthi, umzekelo, ezichatshazelwa sclerosis eminzinzi ukunceda ukubaleka ebomini ngokomthetho ningafani nabo abaphethwe ziintlungu obukhulu ngaphandle uqikelelo ezithile ngendlela abantu abaninzi abahlala ngayo.

Iimpikiswano ze kanye

Kwihlabathi yabadlali kunye nabaxhasi of ukubulawa kukhokelela iingxoxo obupheleleyo ekhusela isikhundla sakhe. Yaye umba olunzima kunye emibi yonke ingxabano umusa yingxoxo malungana nxamnye.

Kwaye ke yingxoxo yokuqala ukuba ukubulawa lubonisa ukuba ubomi elungileyo kuphela xa iyavakala kwaye izisa ulonwabo, yintoni kanye bayiswele, umzekelo, izigulane terminal. ingxabano ezimbi kwakhona sibonisa ukuba ukhetho ayikho phakathi obonwabisayo ubomi ungonwabanga, naphakathi ubukho umgaqo kwaye ukusimisa kulo naluphi na uhlobo. Alithandabuzeki elokuba, ukupheliswa wobomi kunzima ukuba ziqwalaselwe kakuhle.

Ezifuna bathi abo baziyo ukuba imali eninzi kwaye kunzima ukugcina ubomi umntu ogula kakhulu okanye ukhubazekile kwaye Flatliners. Ingakumbi xa uzama ukunika umgangatho ofanelekileyo wobomi. Elinye iqela ngokuqhelekileyo baphendule ukuthi nomba yezoqoqosho nangoku na azuze ngokubulala imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngentsulungeko lwesintu mihla.

Ukwazi apho amazwe wavumela ukubulawa yaye kutheni, kunzima ukuba uvume ukuba ephuhliswa ilizwe echumayo imigangatho yokuphila ephakamileyo, apho umgangatho wobomi eza kuqala. A ukulahleka olu phawu ibandakanya ilahleko umdla ebomini hlobo. Mhlawumbi oku kuchaza imithetho abanyanisekileyo uvumela ukuba isicelo ukubulawa abantwana okanye izigulane abagulela ukufa.

Uluvo uluntu kunye amagqirha ngale ngxaki

Nangona isibakala sokuba amanani oluntu, abezopolitiko, ihlabathi lonyango uyakhanyela ukubulawa kumazwe amaninzi, uluntu jikelele asinto ngowelinye iqela le mbono. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho uphando abasebenzisi Internet Russian, 50 ekhulwini ababoni nto ezoyikekayo ukubulawa ukunyamekele banelungelo abantu inkululeko yokuzikhethela.

Zengqondo bakholelwa ukuba oku kubangelwe zengqondo zabantu uninzi lwabantu kwimeko isigulo terminal awufuni ukuba abe ngumthwalo izalamane kunye namava ukuhlukunyezwa.

LwaseZimbabwe Intanethi zonyango, lwenziwe phakathi oogqirha abatsha, ubonisa ukwahlulwa efanayo kwinkalo yobungcali - isiqingatha kuphela sabaphenduli xa bebonke ukuba ukusetyenziswa ukubulawa, kuquka eRashiya.

Amatyala Osenyangweni-profile kwihlabathi lanamhlanje

Ngowe-1939, i-psychoanalyst odumileyo yaseOstriya uSigmund Freud wasweleka ngokuzithandela ngoncedo nogqirha wakho. Freud abaphethwe uhlobo esinganyangekiyo Umhlaza womlomo yaye ngaphambi kokuba afe, ubunzima ukusebenza ngaphezulu kwe-30 ukuya ukususa ngamathumba. Baza bathwalwa phantsi zomzimba yengingqi, njengoko zomzimba ngoko jikelele kwiimeko ezinjalo sele okwangoku isetyenziswe.

Umbhali Belgian UHugo Claus, esebenzisa sinyanisekile imithetho yelizwe lakhe, wathabatha ukubulawa, nangona nje isigaba sokuqala umhlaza. Kodwa umfundisi French, Chantal Sebir, ubuso elinyana mntu ulimeleyo yi luhlobo enqabileyo somhlaza, ngaphandle kokuba ilungelo yokurhoxa ngokuzithandela ukusuka ubomi kwilizwe lokuzalwa kwakhe, wayezimisele ukuya eSwitzerland, esazi apho amazwe ukuba ukubulawa komntu. Noko ke, ngo-2008, yena bazibulala ngenxa inaliti barbiturate.

Scandal iye yabangela kwaye ukubulawa bezicathulo ezimbini bazalwana, lowo waqala ukuphelelwa phambi kwakhe, nako ukwamkela into yokuba akanakuze ukubona omnye kwakhona. Nangona isilela sisifo esibi, bafumana isitofu ziyingozi eSwitzerland.