Brinell ndlela: iimpawu nangomoya

Ukuze ubone yobulukhuni izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokuxhaphakileyo injineli Swedish Brinell qambo - indlela umlinganiselo iipropati umphezulu kunye neempawu Polymer unika izinyithi ezongezelelweyo.

Ukuhlolwa ezibonakalayo

Kuyinto ngenxa kule ukufunyanwa ngoku kuqikelelwa umendo isicelo isebenzayo iiplastiki. Not eliphezulu kakhulu yeplastiki yokuqaqadeka lukhangelwa luthambe kunye ukuthamba ukuze isetyenziswe njengendawo sealant, ngokulitywina kunye nezinto gasket. Development Brinell - indlela ukufumanisa amandla kunye eyomelele ngayo umbandela, eya kusebenza izakhiwo ezibalulekileyo - kule amavili gear izithsaba, iibheringi luphantsi kolayisho olunzima rhoqo, iinkcukacha unxulumano yangaphakathi, njl

Ukuhlolwa amandla unika ichanekile kakhulu le ndlela. Ixabiso parameter, nto leyo luchazwa R1V, zibalulekile. Eyona ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa le njongo yophuhliso Brinell - indlela apho ibhola sentsimbi ezintlanu ezinga- licinezelwe kulo mbandela. Ngokutsho ubunzulu ubeko ngokuhambelana ibhola kwaye ugqibe GOST.

indaba

Ngowe-1900, i-injineli evela eSweden, Yuhana Avgusta Brinell indlela, yena ecetywayo inzululwazi izinto zehlabathi, Yaduma. Akuphelelanga nje ekuvakalisweni kwento wathi igama wokuwonga elaa umsunguli, kodwa ibe zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa ezikumgangatho ofanayo.

Yintoni yobulukhuni? Le impahla ethile umbandela, musa ukuva deformation yeplastiki lomfowunelwa impembelelo lendawo liza phantsi ukuphunyezwa indektora (a umzimba engqongqo) kulo mbandela.

Ebuyiselweyo kobulembu unrestored

indlela Brinell inceda ukulinganisa lukhuni yancitshiswa, nto leyo ixhomekeke umlinganiselo umthwalo ukuba umthamo we-printout, indawo projektha okanye indawo umphezulu. Ngoko ke, lo lukhuni seso sibala ngokomthamo, kwaye umphezulu projektha. Le yokugqibela kumiselwa umlinganiselo: umthwalo ukuya kwindawo yoshicilelo. yobulukhuni Bulk ilinganiselwa yi umlinganiselo abayithweleyo umthamo kuyo, kwaye iflethi - umthwalo ukuya kwindawo projektha, nto leyo eye washiya yamanyala.

Unreduced Brinell yobulukhuni ngokutsho indlela echazwe efanayo parameters, kuphela ixabiso elilinganiselweyo uba amandla utsalo esisiseko, umlinganiselo apho kwindawo umphezulu, umthamo okanye nayiphi ekhombisa okulungiswe indektor eziphathekayo. bulk Ngokunjalo kubalwa, kwaye umphezulu yokuqaqadeka tyaba: lulwahlulo amandla ukumelana nokuba kobuso inxalenye indektora waginya okanye kummandla wokuprojektha kwayo, nokuba umthamo.

Guquka yobulukhuni

Ukukwazi ukuxhathisa zeplastiki kunye deformation elastic xa siphantsi izinto indektora ngqongqo - inkcazo yokuqaqadeka, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba eneneni kukho izinto yovavanyo isibotho. Indlela yokulinganisa Brinell yobulukhuni - yomlinganiselo indlela indektor ngokunzulu eyangena ngayo izinto. Ukuze ukwazi ixabiso ngqo yokuqaqadeka umbandela, kufuneka ukuba umlinganiselo ubunzulu elalana. Ukuze wenze oku, kukho indlela Brinell kunye Rockwell, indlela Vickers wasebenzisa enqabile.

Ukuba indlela Rockwell imisela ngqo bead umthondo ubunzulu kulo mbandela, kwaye uphawu Vickers Brinell ilinganiswa kwindawo yayo umphezulu. Kubonakala ukuba indektor nzulu lo mbandela, le yamanyala ifunyenwe indawo enkulu. Kunokuthi ke kwenziwe uvavanyo Ukuqina ngokupheleleyo naziphi na izinto: izimbiwa, isinyithi, iplastiki kunye ezifana, kodwa kumiselwa nobulukhuni indlela yayo ngamnye kwabo.

Indlela ukufumana indlela

Indlela for nokuzimisela Brinell yokuqaqadeka lulunge kakhulu izinto inhomogeneous, aluminiyamu, izinto ezo nzima kakhulu. Hayi nje uhlobo lwezinto igqiba indlela yokulinganisa, kodwa bona i parameters ukuba uzimisele. Ukuqina lulinganiselwa njengoko aluminium okulinganiselwa kuba nazo izinto ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, intsimbi. Yena isakhiwo inhomogeneous kakhulu, kukho cementite langoku, mifanekiso, perlite, ferrite, ngoko ke umlinganiso nobulukhuni kwesinyithi - avareji ixabiso, imiqathango yokuqaqadeka onke amacandelo.

Umlinganiselo we yobulukhuni zesinyithi ngokwendlela indlela Brinell ikhutshwa phandle usebenzisa i indektora enkulu ukuba istampu uvuliwe kwindawo isampulu enkulu. Ngaloo cast iron kwaye nibe senilungile phantsi kwezi meko ixabiso oko kukuthi umlinganiselo izigaba ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela elungileyo kakhulu xa kulinganiswa aluminiyamu lukhuni - intsimbi, isinyithi nonferrous, ubhedu, i-aluminiyamu kunye like. Impela, le ndlela ubonisa ixabiso yobulukhuni iiplastiki.

Rockwell vs.

Kulungile ukuba metal nzima kwaye superhard buguqulwe ubungwanyalala ixabiso onesiphumo nalo avareji. Indektorom i ball okanye cone, kodwa ngaphandle kwezi kusetyenziswa, kunye iphiramidi nekalikedo. Le istampu kumbandela njengoko kulinganiswa ndlela Rockwell kwakhona wafumana ezinkulu kunye nenombolo yobulukhuni kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo avareji.

Brinell Rockwell isikali zahluke mgaqo: kwindawo umphumo yangaphambili linikwa njengoko QUOTIENT emva ngokwahlula amandla ngokucinezela phezu kwendawo yoshicilelo, kodwa Rockwell ubala lulwahlulo ubunzulu ungekafiki owama weyunithi isikali ukuya kubunzulu yokulinganisa. Yiyo loo nto Rockwell lukhuni phantse dimensionless, kunye HB ilinganiswa ngokucacileyo ngeekhilogram millimitha square kilometre.

Vickers yobulukhuni test

Ukuba isampuli incinane kakhulu okanye imilinganiselo efunekayo bento incinane ixabiso indektora ubukho ukuba umlinganiselo yobulukhuni Rockwell okanye Brinell lukhuni, kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa ubuchule microhardness, phakathi kwawo kakhulu ethandwa - Vickers. Indektorom i iphiramidi nedayimani, kodwa yamanyala kuhlolwa kwaye kulinganiswa inkqubo enombala, efana ngemicroscope. Makwazeke ixabiso avareji, kakhulu, kodwa kobulembu ibalwa kwi indawo encinci kakhulu.

Ukuba isikali ku gqiba kulinganiswa encinane kakhulu, isebenzisa Micro Durometer, nako ukwenza uphawu ngendlela ngamnye ingqolowa, isigaba, umaleko, nomthwalo isibotho kungaba ukhethe ngokuzimeleyo. Metallography ikuvumela usebenzisa le ndlela kwaye isigqibo nobulukhuni kunye microhardness lwesinyithi nezinto science ngendlela efanayo imisela yobulukhuni kunye microhardness izinto nonmetallic.

ezahlukene

Kukho amabanga ezintathu sokubala yobulukhuni. Uluhlu macro kulawulwa ixabiso umthwalo ukusuka KN-2 N ku-30. Microrange ithintela kuphela umthwalo kwi indektor, kodwa ubunzulu elalana. Ixabiso lokuqala ngaphantsi kwe-2 N, kwaye eyesibini - mkhulu 0.2 microns. Le nanoscale kulawulwa kuphela ubunzulu umthondo indektora - ngaphantsi kwe 0.2 microns. Isiphumo unika izinto nanotvordost.

Umlinganiselo iparameters zixhomekeke ngokuyintloko umthwalo oluthi lusetyenziswe indektoru. Oku kuxhomekeka kukuba wada wenza igama elikhethekileyo - isiphumo ubungakanani on IsiNgesi - isiphumo ubungakanani isibotho. nomphumela Size icaciswa ifomu indektora. Spherical - ukunyuka yokuqaqadeka kunye ukwandisa umthwalo, ngoko, isiphumo ubukhulu sisichasi. Vickers Pyramid Berkovich okanye kunciphisa yobulukhuni olwandayo umthwalo (apha, eqhelekileyo okanye isiphumo ngqo-ntathu). Le cone-ngokomda, nto leyo isetyenziselwa Rockwell isikali, ibonisa ukuba ukwanda umthwalo kwandisa lukhuni kuqala, uze emva koko ukuqaliswa wesahlulo ungqukuva lifinyele.

Materials kunye neendlela yokulinganisa

Kakhulu nzima namhlanje ngezinto ezikhoyo - iinguqulelo ezimbini carbon: isiqingatha lonsdalite diamond mkhulu e lukhuni, kwakunye fullerenes bona bubalaselayo diamond kabini. isicelo Practical ezi zinto sele nje kuphela iqalile, kwaye lo gama le iqhelekileyo ngedayimani inzima. Ngoncedo lwakhe, oko kubeka yobulukhuni lwezinto ezenziwe ngesinyithi.

Iindlela for nokuzimisela (uninzi ethandwa) ziye ezidweliswe ngasentla, kodwa ukuze baqonde iimpawu zazo baze baqonde imfuneko ukuqwalasela ezinye ezinokuthi yohlulwe eziguquguqukayo, okt ukothuka kunye static, leyo sele ingqalelo. indlela wemilinganiso kwakhona ngokuba isikali. Kufuneka ukhumbula ukuba ethandwa kakhulu nangoku isikali Brinell, buguqulwe ubungwanyalala leyo kulinganiswa netoti ubeko ngokuhambelana, nto leyo eshiya ibhola sobhedu licinezelwe kulo kumphezulu eziphathekayo.

Guquka yobulukhuni

Brinell indlela (GOST 9012-59) ikuvumela ukuba ubhale inombolo lukhuni ngaphandle iiyunithi, nelibonisa HB wayo, apho H - yokuqaqadeka (ngokuba lukhuni), kunye B - okunene Brinell. indawo eprintwayo ilinganiswa njengenxenye sphere kunokuba kwindawo setyhula, njengoko wenza uluhlu Meyer umzekelo. Rockwell isikali yahlukile kuba ubunzulu kwenkcazelo ungene ibhola okanye cone izinto ubungwanyalala diamond ifunyenwe dimensionless. It ubekiwe HRA, HRC, HRB, okanye HR. Ngokwefomyula yokubala yobulukhuni limi ngolu hlobo: HR = 100 (130) - KD. Apha d ke ubunzulu embedment, yaye k - factor.

Vickers yobulukhuni kungenziwa kumiselwa indlela le yamanyala esishiyekileyo iphiramidi tetrahedral licinezelwe kulo mbandela komhlaba ngokunxulumene umthwalo ukuba esisetyenziswe iphiramidi. Indawo eprintwayo - kungekhona diamond, yaye inxalenye ephiramidi square. Vickers lobukhulu kufuneka luthathwe Kum mm ^{2 nganye,} zibonakaliswe iyunithi HV. Kukho kwakhona indlela yokulinganisa Shore (isibotho), ngokuqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa Iipholima kwaye isikali yomlinganiselo elinambini. Shore Asker isikali efanelekileyo (uguqulelo Japanese ukuba izinto ezithambileyo kunye elastic) ziyafana kakhulu indlela elidlulileyo, kuphela Ipharamitha isixhobo sokulinganisa zahlukile kwaye usebenzise indektory ezahlukeneyo. Enye indlela Shore - ebuyile - to high-modulus oko kukuthi izinto kunzima kakhulu. Oku kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba zonke iindlela zokulinganisa yobulukhuni umbandela, yahlulwe yaba iindidi ezimbini - ukubanamandla static.

Instruments nezixhobo

Devices for yokuqingqwa yokuqaqadeka ekuthiwa tvordomerami, esi sixhobo womlinganiselo. Luyaqhubeka iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo banokuphikisa, ngoko iindlela kunokuba yingozi kwaye lutshatyalaliswe. Phakathi kwazo zonke ezi izikali abanayo ubudlelwane ngqo, ekubeni akukho namnye ndlela ayibonisi iimpawu ezibalulekileyo umbandela luphela.

Noko ke wazihlaziya wazakha ngokwaneleyo esondele isithebe, apho bakhonkxiwe isikali kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo iindidi zezixhobo kunye namaqela zawo. Ukwenza le theyibhile senziwa emva kokuba uthotho imifuniselo kunye neemvavanyo. Noko ke, imibono esizokwenza enye yeendlela azo ukutshintshela ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye akakho. Indlela ethile ngawo yobulukhuni imiselwa lidla ezikhethiweyo isekelwe phezu izixhobo ezikhoyo, imisebenzi yokulinganisa iimeko, kwaye ke, iimpawu umbandela ngokwayo.