Umgaqo kunye nendlela yokulinganisa. Izindlela eziqhelekileyo zokulinganisa. Ziziphi izixhobo zokulinganisa

Kunzima ukugqithisa ukubaluleka kwemilinganiselo ebomini bendoda yanamhlanje. Njengoko iteknoloji iyaqhubeka, umbuzo wesidingo kubo awunakulungele konke, kodwa imigaqo kunye neendlela ezivumela ukunyusa ukuchaneka kwemilinganiselo ziza kuqala. Uluhlu lweendawo apho iinkqubo kunye nezindlela zokulinganisa ezibandakanyekayo zanda. Ngexesha elifanayo, kungekhona nje iindlela zokwenziwa kobugcisa kunye nezobuchwepheshe ekuphunyezweni kwale misebenzi ziphuhliswa, kodwa kunye neengcamango zesicelo sabo. Okwangoku, indlela yokulinganisa isethi yamasu okanye ubuchule obuvumela ukuba omnye nomnye umgaqo wokumisela ixabiso elifunyenweyo lizaliseke.

Imigaqo yeendlela zokulinganisa

Kwintliziyo yanoma iyiphi nayiphi indlela yokulinganisa imilaphi ethile yomzimba, leyo leyo, ngokubhekiselele kuyo, isekelwe kule nto okanye kwinto yendalo. Kwi-metrology, iziganeko zomzimba zidla ngokuchazwa njengemiphumo ebangela ukuba rhoqo. Ukulinganisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo, imithetho ethile isetyenziswe. Umzekelo, okwangoku ulinganiswa ngumphumo kaJoseph. Le ngqungquthela, ngokubhekiselele kuloo mandla ogqithiseleyo ogqithiseleyo umgca we-dielectrics ohlukanisa abaphathi abakhulu. Ukucacisa iimpawu zobungakanani bamanzi, omnye umphumo sele usetyenziswa - iPeltier, kunye nokubala isantya - umthetho wokutshintsha kwimiba ye-radiation, efunyenwe nguDoppler. Ngomzekelo omncinane wokumisela ubunzima bezinto, ukusetyenziswa kombane kusetyenziswa, okubonakalisa kwinkqubo enzima.

Ukwahlulelwa kweendlela zokulinganisa

Ngokuqhelekileyo, iziganeko ezimbini zokuhlukana kwezindlela zokulinganisa zisetyenzisiweyo - ngohlobo lokutshintsha kobuninzi njengemisebenzi yexesha kunye nendlela yokufumana idatha. Kwiimeko zokuqala, iindlela zokubala kunye neendlela ezichanekileyo ziyabonakala. Izindlela zokulinganisa izibalo zibonakaliswe ngento yokuba isiphumo esiyifumeneyo ayitshintshe kuxhomekeke kwixesha xa zisetyenziswa. Oku kungakho, umzekelo, iindlela eziphambili zokulinganisa ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu bezinto. Izindlela ezinamandla, ngokuchaseneyo, okokuqala vumela ukuba kubekho ukuguqulwa kwezikhombisi. Ezi ndlela zingabandakanya ezo ndlela ezivumela ukuba ubeke iliso iimpawu zengcinezelo, igesi okanye ubushushu. Utshintsho luvame ukuqhutyelwa ngaphantsi kwefuthe leendaba zendalo. Kukho ezinye izigaba zeendlela, ngenxa yokuchaneka kokuchaneka kwemilinganiselo kunye nemiqathango yokusebenza. Kodwa ke, njengommiselo, wesimo sesibini. Ngoku sifanele sicinge ngeendlela ezithandwa kakhulu.

Indlela yokuthelekisa ngomlinganiselo

Kule meko, imilinganiselo yenzelwa ukuthelekiswa kwexabiso elifunwayo kunye nexabiso eliveliswa ngumlinganiselo. Njengomzekelo wale ndlela, sinokubala ubunzima ngokusebenzisa izilingo zeelver . Umsebenzisi uqale usebenza nesixhobo apho amanani athile athatyathwa khona. Ngokukodwa, ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokulinganisela kunye nezisindo, inokulungiswa kunye neqondo elithile lokuchaneka ubunzima bezinto. Isixhobo esiseklasini sokulinganisa uxinzelelo, nakwimeko ethile yokuguqulwa, kugxininisa ukuzimisela kwexabiso ngokuthelekisa kunye nezibonakaliso kumgangatho apho ubuninzi bokuqala besaziwayo. Omnye umzekelo uxhathisa ukulinganisa kwemitha. Kule meko, umzekelo, ukusebenza komxhasi kuya kuqhathaniswa nombane owaziwayo we-electromotive of element.

Indlela yokulinganisa yokuxhasa

Kwakhona ubuchule obuqhelekileyo obufumana isicelo kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Indlela yokulinganisa ixabiso le-complement ikwabonelela ngexabiso elifunwayo kunye nomlinganiselo othile, owaziwayo kwangaphambili. Kuphela, ngokungafani nendlela yangaphambili, umlinganiselo ngokwawo uwenziwe xa ungafanisi nexabiso elibaliweyo, kodwa kwiimeko zokudibanisa kwazo ngexabiso elifanisayo. Njengomgaqo, iindlela kunye nezixhobo zokulinganisa kulo mgaqo ziqhelekileyo zisetyenziswe ekusebenziseni nezibonakaliso zomzimba zeempawu zento. Ngomqondo othile, ngale ndlela, ukwamukelwa kokumisela ubungakanani ngokufaka endaweni kufana. Kule meko kuphela i-correction factor inikezelwa ngexabiso elifana nexabiso elifunwayo, kodwa ngokufundwa kwento yokubhekisa.

Indlela ye-Organoleptic yokulinganisa

Le ndlela yinto engavamile yendlela yokwenza i-metrology, esekelwe ekusebenziseni iingqondo zabantu. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeemilinganiselo zengqondo. Umzekelo, indlela yokwenza izinto yenza ukuba kube lula ukuphonononga ipharamitha ethile yento ngaphandle kokunika umfanekiso opheleleyo weempawu zayo kunye neempawu zokusebenza ezikhoyo. Udidi lwesibini lubonisa indlela eyinkimbinkimbi, apho indlela yokulinganisa ngoncedo lwengqondo inika umfanekiso opheleleyo ngakumbi kwiiparamitha ezahlukeneyo zento. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba uhlalutyo olunzima luhlala lusetyenziswa nje kuphela njengendlela yokubamba iqela kwiqela elipheleleyo lempawu, kodwa njengesixhobo sokuvavanya ukufaneleka konke kwento ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni ngenjongo ethile. Ngokubhekiselele kwisenzo esisebenzayo seendlela ze-organoleptic, ngoncedo lwabo umntu unokuyihlola, umzekelo, ukuvuthwa okanye umgangatho wokubambisana kwee-cylindrical parts. Ngokomlinganiselo onzima ngale ndlela, umntu unokufumana ingcamango yomzila ojikelezayo we-shaft, eya kutyhilwa emva kokuhlaziywa kohlobo olufanayo kunye neempawu zangaphandle kwendawo.

Uqha ga mshelwano kunye neendlela ezingenakunxibelelana ngazo

Imigaqo yokuqhagamshelana kunye nomlinganiselo ongathintanisi unomlinganiselo omkhulu. Kwimeko yeefowuni zokuqhagamshelana, ixabiso lijongiwe ngokusondeleyo kwinto. Kodwa, kuba oku akusoloko kunokwenzeka ngenxa yobuninzi beendaba kunye nokufikelela okunzima kwindawo yokulinganisa, umgaqo ongaqhagamshelwanga wokubala ixabiso sele usasazeke. Indlela yoqhagamshelwano yokulinganisa isetyenziselwa ukuqikelela ubuninzi obuninzi, amandla amanje, iiparitha ezinje, njl. Nangona kunjalo, xa kulinganisa ukushisa okuphezulu kakhulu akunakwenzeka.

Umlinganiselo ongaqhagamshelwanga ungenziwa ngeemodeli ezikhethekileyo zeepromrometers kunye neentengiso ze-thermal. Kwinkqubo yomsebenzi, abaxhomekeke ngqo kumlinganiselo wokulinganisa okujoliswe kuwo, kodwa basebenzisane nombane. Ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo, iindlela zokulinganisa ukushisa ngokungahambisani nomgaqo-nkqubo awunakucacile. Ngako oko, zisetyenziselwa kuphela apho kubalulekile ukuba neengcamango zemimandla ethile okanye indawo.

Izixhobo zokulinganisa

Uluhlu lwezixhobo zokulinganisa lukhulu kakhulu, nangona sithetha ngendawo ethile ngokuhlukileyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-thermometers, iipromrometers, iifrimu ezifanayo zethemati kunye nezikhululo zemizi-misebenzi enemisebenzi ye hygrometer kunye ne-barometer zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukushisa kwedwa. Ukuqwalasela ubungqina obumanzi kunye neqondo lokushisa kwiindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi, abafaki bezixhobo ezixhotywe ngeprobes ezibucayi sele zisetyenziswe. Xa uhlola imeko zeemeko, uvavanyo lwe-pressure gauge lusetyenziswa rhoqo, luyisixhobo sokulinganisa uxinzelelo, esinokuxhaswa ngabavoki bokubeka iliso kwi-media media. Iqela elibanzi lamacebo nalo limelelwe kwicandelo leendlela zokulinganisa iimpawu zesekethe zombane. Apha ungakwazi ukuchonga izixhobo ezifana ne-voltmeter kunye ne-ammeter. Kwakhona, njengoko kwimeko yezikhululo zeemeteorological, iindlela zokuqwalasela iiparitha zentsimi yombane zinokubakho jikelele, oko kukuthi, ukuqwalasela iipameter eziliqela ngelo xesha.

I-Instrumentation kunye ne-automation

Ngokwemveli yendabuko, isixhobo sokulinganisa sisixhobo esinika ulwazi malunga nesimo esithile esithile sento ethile ngexesha elithile. Ngethuba lokusebenza, umsebenzisi ubhala ukufundwa kwaye enze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo zisekelwe kuzo. Kodwa ngokugqithiseleyo ezi zixhobo ezifanayo zidibaniswe kwisixhobo sezixhobo ngokuzenzekelayo, oko, ngokusekelwe kwimiqondiso efanayo, ngokuzimeleyo kwenza izigqibo, ngokomzekelo, ekulungiseni iiparitha zokusebenza. Ngokukodwa, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nokuzenzekelayo kwezixhobo zihlanganiswe ngempumelelo kwiinkqubo zombane yeeyile, ekutshiseni kunye neenkqubo zokungenisa umoya, njl. Ngokomzekelo, ukuqwalasela uxinzelelo kwipayipi kuya kubonisa indlela yokuzenzekelayo ngokunyuka okanye ukwandisa imilinganiselo yokunikezelwa kwamanzi asebenzayo okanye okufanayo Gesi.

Imilinganiselo kunye neziphene

Cishe nayiphi na inkqubo yokulinganisa kwinqanaba elithile libandakanya ukucinga ukuphambuka kwiziphumo ezibonelelwe ngokumalunga nexabiso langempela. Ukuchaneka kunokuba kunye ne-0,001%, kunye ne-10%, kunye nokunye. Kule meko, ukuchithwa okungahleliyo kunye nokuchanekileyo kuchongwa. Iphutha elingalindelekanga kwisiphumo sokulinganisa sibonakaliswe kukuba ayikuthobeli into ethile. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukuchithwa ngokuchanekileyo kwiimpawu zohlukwano kubangelwa ukuba zigcina iimpawu zazo nangona ziphindwe kaninzi.

Isiphelo

Abavelisi bezixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nezixhobo zemetrolology ezikhethekileyo zizama ukuphuhlisa ngokusebenzayo kunye nexesha elifanayo. Kwaye akukhathaleli kuphela izixhobo zobugcisa, kodwa nemveliso yekhaya. Umzekelo, ukulinganisa kwangoku kungenziwa ekhaya usebenzisa i-multimeter ezithatha iiparitha eziliqela ngelo xesha. Kuyafana okufanayo malunga namacebo asebenza nokufundwa kwengcinezelo, umswakama kunye nobushushu, obunemiba emininzi yemisebenzi kunye ne-ergonomics yanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho umsebenzi wokubhalisa ixabiso elithile, iingcali ziyakhuthaza ukufikelela kwizixhobo ezizodwa ezisebenza kuphela ngeprayimeter. Njengomthetho, banemilinganiselo echanekileyo yokulinganisa, okusoloko kubaluleke kakhulu ekuhloleni ukusebenza kwezixhobo.