Reference point - ntoni na? Zeziphi iingongoma reference kolu lwakhiwo, ukuhlola, ishishini okanye inzululwazi?

Ngamanye amaxesha, iingqiqo zenzululwazi okanye ezinye ezithile ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinganxulumananga ukuya yokuqala. Oku kwenzeka elithi geodesic "sisebenzisane ngokuthembeka." Ngokwengcaciso, kwisakhelo geodesic - uphawu okanye indlela zivela apha kwindawo ethile kumphezulu womhlaba. Zilungelelanise ukuphakama kwalo isithuba kubalwa ngokunxulumene nexabiso sokulinganisa-owaziwayo wavuma.

Bayilungisa inkqubo ekuphakameni

In Russia kunye amanye amazwe USSR, uphawu uziro inqanaba reference wayo wawungalo Kronstadt igagasi gauge. Onke amacandelo ukuphawulwa iimaphu kula mazwe kwamanqaku geodetic kubalwa yamkelwa 1977, kwiBaltic inkqubo eziphakamileyo. EMpuma Ekude, izibalo zenziwa eziphakamileyo inkqubo Okhotsk. Ukuchaneka kakhulu BSV layo lingaphantsi kwe yimitha enye.

Ngoluthi - nesakhelo kunye ngamaqela ukuqinisekisa inqanaba lamanzi emlanjeni okanye elinye iqumrhu amanzi. Ngamanye amaxesha ifakiwe ngokusisigxina dipstick ngokwamanqaku reference yaye amanqaku nesingqinisiso ukuhlola, izazinzulu esetyenziselwa ukugcina utshintsho inqanaba lamanzi elwandle, iintshukumo ekwenzeke kuzo ilitye le zomhlaba ecaleni kumphezulu othe nkqo.

Malunga Kronstadt mo gauge nokumisela inqanaba kolwandle

Ekuqaleni, lo utshintsho kwinqanaba Gulf amanzi ubude kubonisiwe ngeenotshi zilaliswe ngecala iindonga ngamajelo kunye nezitya, Isihlwitha kwi imiphezulu. Xa ngowe-1777 e-Kronstadt kuyo salungelelaniswa inkonzo ekhethekileyo, iliso amanzi kuthwalwa amanqaku nomsinga gauge kwi emazantsi Dlula Canal.

Long-term (ukususela 1731), kunye namanqaku rhoqo, ngokugcina ukuhla amanqanaba amanzi Gulf of Finland abaye baphathwa hydrographer M. F. Reyneke ngo-1840 phezu ukubalwa ukufunda avareji kwamanqwanqwa lwamatye omnye iibhulorho phezu umjelo bypass eqingqiweyo umgca oxwesileyo. Ku kwamashumi ambalwa kweli nqanaba esidityanisiweyo ipleyiti yesinyithi ngophawu tyaba, phantse coinciding ngeqanda ebonisa ubunzulu gauge.

Ukudlulisa inqanaba ulwandle kumhlaba

Kwi nemisinga kwizalathisi kwinqanaba iye loselwa ukulungelelaniswa umzila kaloliwe "St Petersburg - Oranienbaum" yaye "yento edityanisiweyo" brand-ethole ukuya kwenye izakhiwo kwi Station lweBaltic. Yiyo le ethole ukususela 1892 kuye kwaba uphawu esitulweni ezinkulu onke imilinganiselo sokulinganisa kweli lizwe.

Ngowe-1946, inkqubo elidityanisiweyo zilungelelanise yokuphakama saqaliswa eSoviet Union. Ngexesha inqanaba lokuqala kuLwandle lweBaltic ziye wayephethwe uphawu elihambisana zero kwi Kronstadt igagasi gauge. Le nkqubo indawo sokulinganisa yolawulo reference karhulumente. Ukusuka point of ingundoqo zero eziqhutywa izibalo ukuphakama kunye ezinzulwini kuzo zonke iitshathi zasekhaya kunye nemiyalelo nokuhamba ngomkhombe, sizimisele orbit imisebenzi baxhomekeka.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo elisikelweyo Geodesy

Reference indawo emhlabeni luchazwa yi ukwakhiwa ngohlobo Cairns, iibhodi okanye iityhubhu yesinyithi. Kuxhomekeka isicelo, kukho iindidi ezininzi izakhelo:

• Eminyaka ubudala kuthunyelwa ngokungqinelana nenkqubo ekhethekileyo kulo lonke elo lizwe. Bona efakwe ngokwemiyalelo kwi ndawo anikwe eendawo. Zisetyenziswa ikakhulu iinjongo zenzululwazi.
• imigca eyinqobo yaxhobisa sokulinganisa kuzo zonke kwiklasi yokuqala (phakathi wempangelo) kunye imigca ezininzi uxanduva kwiklasi yesibini. Umgama phakathi amanqaku - ukusuka km-50 ukuya kuma-80. Balala kuphela emhlabeni ngohlobo iintsika eziphathekayo kunye iipayiloni. Ekubeni Datum esisiseko zingasetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko ezithile, ngaba kusemva kufuphi satellite eqhelekileyo isakhelo-oluchanekileyo kunye idatha adluliselwe. Oku kusetyenziswa inkxaso ilungelelanise iiklasi-3 no-4.
• benchmarks zesiqhelo eludongeni, iliwa komhlaba. Esixhomekeke kwinkxaso kumgama phakathi 3.5 no-7 km ukusuka omnye komnye, le miqondiso kungafakwa isimangalo kuyo yonke imigca ukulinganisa.

Inkqubo oqhagamshelwano phakathi iingongoma reference ngundoqo yaye ukho kwaye yenza GHS - network geodesic karhulumente.

nesikhundla zokuzoba abamakishi zophando

Ngomhla ulawulo iimephu indawo uphawulwe icon ezikhethekileyo. Bona ahluka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• iingongoma gqitha;
• kwiingongoma GGS;
• kuba kwiindawo ezichazwe kuloo mmandla;
• uveza ukuba balobe uthungelwano;
• amanqaku unje ukuba womnatha geodetic karhulumente.

Zonke ezi ngongoma ziphawulwe phezu yokwenene eMhlabeni iiphiramidi yesinyithi okanye iingongoma reference oqhelekileyo. amaziko Geodetic, ebonisa indawo leyo, lisetyenziswa uququzelelo ezikwimephu, oko kukuthi ngokuchaneke kangangoko kunokwenzeka, kunye namanqaku yobude.

Yintoni na incopho yothelekiso? Okuqukiweyo lilonke womnatha geodetic endulini zokungqinga, iinduli okanye stand-alone izakhiwo kunye iCathedral, iinqaba okanye steeples Omiselweyo kwemiqathango yamkelwe icons zidityanisiwe. Ebonisa amakhadi GGS kunye omkhulu abonisa yonke into. amagama Astronomical, lo benchmark, zibonakaliswe kuphela kwiimeko apho isiqalo kule ndawo.

Ubunxantathu (fiducials) izinto, ukufakwa

Faka isigxina imiqondiso lijongene karhulumente womnatha sokulinganisa geodetic. NeeNdawo izakhelo icala bentsebenziswano ebonakalayo amaqhina oqhagamshelwano kumgama kwangaphambili. Uyilo kunye ukuphakama abalinganiswa ixhomekeke khona, iimeko zasekuhlaleni, umhlaba kunye nomgama ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwenye.

iingongoma Geodetic zingenziwa ngohlobo kwensimbi okanye iiphiramidi ngomthi, ilitye okanye iintsika zekhonkrithi. Ukuphakama lwesakhiwo nganye kuxhomekeke site ayikokubambana ngendlela. Isakhela ngasinye sine into enemilenze emithathu okanye inkxaso isixhobo yokulinganisa kunye mkhanyo.

isabelo komhlaba kwesi sakhiwo isebenza ngohlobo wathulula concrete dwala lesiseko. Ngelo kanye eyona nto leyo kombindi, obekwe kwi ileyibhile esityhidiweyo. Umbhalo kwi yokugqibela ibonisa inombolo kunye nohlobo into. Igama lombutho babesenza umsebenzi kunye nonyaka yofakelo ityhidiwe kunye ileyibhile (idla ngokwenziwa kwesinyithi).

Ukwakhiwa namanqaku fiducial

Mazinga eluhlobo sediski eyenziwe kwesinyithi, zifakwa iindonga zezakhiwo mveliso, zokuphuma nokungena, iibrorho iziseko exhasa. Oku kwenzelwa ukuba esweni imeko static kwezakhiwo ezinkulu. Kumanqaku disc ngaphandle mibhalo projections for obandayo intonga ukulinganisa. Ukuqeshwa kootitshala abamakishayo zesaveyi nga lungohlulwa lube zezi ntlobo zilandelayo:

• inkxaso okanye ulawulo, ezo isiseko izigqibo isikhundla brand lusekiwe, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukhuseleko kunye nozinzo kangangexesha elide;
• Zoncediso - oku amanqaku aphakathi ukulungelelanisa kugqithiso deformation zentsulungeko phakathi kwamanqaku reference;
• ukwandiswa lophawu, apho iyalungiswa ngqo kwi iindonga izakhiwo waphawula okanye izakhiwo (kunye indawo lwesithuba yenjongosenzi utshintsha ezi amakishayo ukuhamba kunye nayo).

amanqaku esalathisi ekwakheni i isiqinisekiso le ubhaqo kwangethuba yokuhamba okanye kozinzo into enkulu, ezifana edamini ngamanzi okanye isakhiwo eziphakamileyo.

Oku konke ufuna

izinto ngenxa ezihlangene inkqubo nemiba kwasekwa womnatha geodetic karhulumente. kubalawuli ezizodwa ziqulathe izintlu uququzelelo ebaluliweyo zonke ezi ngongoma. Olu lwazi lusetyenziswa ngu abahloli ukufunda kumphezulu-langa, kwi Uphando zobunjineli geodetic iimfuno ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho lwesizwe.

Uluhlu kunye nokulungelelanisa amaxabiso zidluliselwa abaveleli bomkhosi, kunye neemephu ubume bendalo. Le Gunners uyazi kakuhle ukuba incopho yothelekiso - uphawu ebonisa ubude othile, uhlobo inkxaso Ukugxila emhlabeni.

amanqaku Reference kwi Celsius isikali ubushushu kucingwa ukuba ixabiso abilayo kunye qhwa kwamanzi kwinqanaba olwandle.

Xa ishishini, ingqiqo lisetyenziswa ukuchaza imeko ethile, xa izenzo ezithile kunokukhokelela noba ukugqiba ukusilela okanye impumelelo.

Health, lweshishini

Ekubeni reference indawo - kuba oyintsobi of reference, i "hook", ingqiqo nga tirhisiwaka kwiindawo ezininzi zezinto ezenziwa luluntu.

Ukuphanda ezibangela uxinezeleko rhoqo ngabantu, njalo abahlala kwiindawo zenqila, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba isizathu kuba bume olubonakalayo ngokwemvelo. Ukwanda engile kunye nemigca, izakhiwo umbala obungabangeli mdla, kukho inani elikhulu ezimile kakubi kuchaphazela imeko ngokweemvakalelo lomntu. ulwalathiso Psychophysiological kwezesayensi, ebizwa inkangeleko yokusingqongileyo, ithi abasweli iimpawu izinto zokwakha zokuhombisa nomthwalo le luvo optic.

Iliso kufuneka inike ukulungisa ethile ingongoma, iinkcukacha, i element obonakalayo isithuba, ukuze ingqondo waqonda okusingqongileyo njengoko lethuba, kufutshane zendalo-gingxi. Kuphela ukuba umntu azive ulwaneliseko buciko nangokweemvakalelo.

amanqaku esalathisi kwishishini - uhlobo lwe airbag. Ukuba ingasetyenziswa ukwandisa ukukwazi ukukhuphisana lweshishini. Ukuba uthathe njengesiseko amanye amaqhinga lwezentengiso okanye imeko kwixesha langoku thina, sinako ukuchonga amanyathelo ezibanzi ekufuneka athathwe ukuze ukutshintsha imeko ibe ngcono.