Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso evulekileyo zinganakwa: definition, imizekelo

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso - igama ngoku ngokuqinileyo wangena Lexicon kungekuphela abezoqoqosho, kodwa abantu abaqhelekileyo. Ke yokugqibela, elidityaniswe zonke iinkathazo zabo ezimbi. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ivuliwe - xa izolo kuphela injineli Ivan mali yokuthenga iintyatyambo emfazini wakhe ngeeholide, yaye namhlanje akukho. Yena, njengokuba ngaphambili, ilahlekileyo emsebenzini kwaye ufumana umvuzo efanayo, kodwa amaxabiso wavuka. Kodwa ke kukho enye indlela. Oku kwenzeka xa ungenelelo esebenzayo kwezoqoqosho ukuze ugcine ixabiso. Kulo mzekelo, kubonakala ukunyuka efihlakeleyo. Kodwa neziphumo ezifanayo: Abantu kufuneka qinisa amabhanti zabo, okanye, okanye ukuba asebenze ngaphezulu ngethemba wokulondoloza umgangatho owayesakuba wokuphila. Le meko multi-amaninzi, eziqhelekileyo ukuze bonke abahlali kwilizwe lethu, nto leyo ngokoqobo ukhwaza emali eRashiya iminyaka, kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo kwinqaku yanamhlanje.

Kombono umongo walo

Kukholelwa ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kuvula, njengoko wenzayo yena kunye neentlobo lona, kwaoko nokufika imali. umgangatho ngegolide ithe iyilelwe ukuthintela oko. Uzinzo isiqulatho metal zeedollar, franc, iikhilogram, engange kunye yen yenzelwe ukunika iinkokheli kurhulumente kunye nabasebenzi eziqhelekileyo kucwangciso lwexesha elide. Noko ke, iimfazwe zehlabathi ngokuthe linxuwa lo ulwalamano ngegolide. Emva kokuba imvume kwenkqubo Jamaica yemali ngowe-1971, umxholo wayo intsimbi kunye dollar ebilahlekile. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, zonke iimali yehlabathi na exhaswa yi ngegolide. Oorhulumente unako ke ngoko engalawulekiyo ukwandisa isixa semali ejikeleza ngaphandle kweBhanki, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba kukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngoko ke amanyathelo ukusombulula iingxaki zemali karhulumente, ke unobangela ntlekele, leyo Kunzima kakhulu ukuthintela.

Igama elithi "kwamaxabiso" wabonakala kuqala e North America ngexesha leMfazwe Civil. Sele ngenkulungwane ye-19, oko wasetyenziswa ngokubanzi zizazinzulu of Great Britain ne-France. Kodwa kuyo yonke le gama kuphela emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Ukunyuka ekhankanywe ngokunxulumene nokwanda okukhulu lokuhamba imali yephepha. Le meko ayikho yenzeke kwixesha lethu, kodwa i-Russian uBukhosi kwiminyaka 1769-1895, eUnited States -. In the 1775-1783 biennium. kunye neminyaka 1861-1865, eNgilani -. ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, i-French - ngo-1789-1791, eJamani -. ngo-1923 Xa ujonga ngokusondeleyo nganye kwezi ziganeko, kucacile ukuba oonobangela kwamaxabiso evulekileyo isoloko isekelwe kwi enkulu iindleko ezinxulumene iimfazwe neziphithiphithi. Kodwa namhlanje, le meko ikhangeleka ezinkulu kakhulu. Bengasekho indalo ngamaxesha athile, kwaye ayikho ingxaki ezingapheliyo kwimimandla kunye ngamnye ehlabathini lonke. Ngoko ke, inkcazelo yayo iye banzi kakhulu. Emali into enzima kwezentlalo noqoqosho, nto leyo ehambisana ne imiphantsi ukuphuphuma ejikeleza imali engaphezulu ngeemfuno yorhwebo kwegazi. Kwaye ukuba akuyi kuncitshiswa ekwandeni elula kwamaxabiso. Kubalulekile ukuba olu tshintsho meko egwenxa kwaba ngenxa emali izinto.

Indlela yomlinganiselo

Ingxaki ephambili ekuvavanyeni kwamaxabiso kukuba amaxabiso rhoqo bavuke kolwabelo olungalinganiyo. Ngaphezu koko, kukho udidi iimpahla ogama value akatshintshi konke konke. emali zicinezelwa rhoqo musani ithathele ingqalelo iingxelo zamanani. Kodwa iingxaki elaneleyo kohlolo iintlobo open yale meko. Kukho indices eziliqela esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa kwamaxabiso. Phakathi kwabo:

• Isalathisi kwamaxabiso abathengi. Oku ezininzi eziqhele ukusetyenziswa isibonisi. Kuyanceda ukuqikelela iindleko i "ingobozi" esisiseko yempahla kunye neenkonzo.
• Othenge Isalathisi kwamaxabiso. Xa kubalwa esi salathisi kusetyenziswa data kwi 25 ukutya ibalulekileyo.
• Iindleko index ophilayo. Esi salathisi sibonisa nemiba yokwenene enkcitho yamakhaya.
• Lewholesale Isalathisi Ixabiso labavelisi.
• GNP deflator.

Esi salathisi, ebalwayo ngokusekelwe i iseti lingatshintshanga yeemveliso ebizwa Laspeyres. Eyona ngxaki yakhe yeyokuba kuyo engaqondelanga ithuba yokutshintsha ubume yorhwebo. Esi salathisi, leyo lwabalwa ngokususela eziguquguqukayo iseti ibizwa Paasche index. ngxaki yakhe yeyokuba engaqondelanga ukwehla kunokwenzeka ntle. Ukuze kulungiswe iintsilelo izikhombisi omabini Fisher ifomula. Esi salathisi ilingana imveliso emibini edlulileyo. Ekubeni emali evulekileyo uphawuleka ukwanda kwamaxabiso, kukho separate "kulawula ubukhulu 70", nto leyo evumela ukuba zinike inani leminyaka phambi kokuba kabini.

Evolution of imibono

Phantse wonke omnye kwisikolo kwezoqoqosho liqulunqe izimvo zalo kwi ingxaki emali. Ngokufuthi, umahluko belele izizathu zale meko negative. Marxists babekholelwa ukuba kwamaxabiso evulekileyo luphawulwa inkqubo kakuhle zentlalo zemveliso phantsi capitalism, nto leyo abonakale ngoku ebusweni kwicandelo lwemali ezingaphezu yomzi. Ngokutsho kwabo, ingxaki enxulumene nakwiimpikiswano zangaphakathi kwinkqubo loluntu. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ivuleleke ukuba monetarist - ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ubonelelo ngemali, leyo akwazi ukuphatha ukwanda eyiyo kwimveliso. Nangona kunjalo, iimpembelelo ezingalunganga kunokwenzeka kuphela kwixesha elifutshane. Ukuba sicinga elide, imali cala ngokupheleleyo. Ngale ndlela Ngokuzichasa intsingiselo ye Keynesians enokuthi rhoqo agcine izinga ethile kokukhula kwezoqoqosho ngenxa emali. Kuba ngenxa yezi iimpikiswano ithathwe Phillips igophe. Ubonisa ulwalamano umlinganiselo ngqo phakathi kwemisebenzi kunye nokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi nganye yesikolo kwezoqoqosho uyazi yalo isenzeko ethathelwa ingqalelo. Noko ke, asingabo abamelene, kodwa iyavumelana kwaye ziqhube omnye komnye.

oonobangela

inflation Vula kuthetha ukuba uqoqosho kukho ukubhidana phakathi imfuno imali yaye ingqimba yorhwebo. Le kungalingani kunokwenzeka ngenxa intsilelo ibhajethi, phezu-mali, ukukhula ngokukhawuleza umvuzo kuthelekiswa kwinqanaba yemveliso. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso Vula ukuba zibangelwa yi zombini iimeko zangaphandle nangaphakathi. I yangaphambili ziquka:

• iingxaki zehlabathi beemeko zihamba kunye nokunyuka izinto ekrwada kunye namafutha amaxabiso.
• Ibhalansi esibi lwentlawulo kunye eseleyo yabasebenzi.
• Ukwanda ngokutshintshiselana lwemali kazwelonke kwiibhanki angaphandle.

Iimbangi yangaphakathi emali ziquka:

• Uphuhliso Hypertrophic zobunjineli zomkhosi kunye namanye amashishini abasindwa ukuqhwalela ebalulekileyo kwicandelo abathengi.
• Ezingeloncedo lo mshini kwezoqoqosho. Eli qela yezizathu ziquka intsilelo mali ngenxa ukungalingani kwengeniso kunye neendleko, lo lokubanga yoluntu, ukwanda ngokungenabulungisa kwemivuzo ngenxa umsebenzi ngamandla kwiimanyano zabasebenzi, "import" kwamandla emali kunye nokulindelwe ukungaphatheki oluntu.

Kwakhona kandziyisa irhafu kunye nobangela zezopolitiko lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. kuqala ezinxulumene izityholo kakhulu ngurhulumente. ezibangela Political kwamandla emali ngenxa yokuba uphelelo imali kuluncedo onetyala, ngoko ngokufuthi baza lwaphembelela. Amaninzi emali kwimeko nganye okubangwa yintlanganisela imiba eyahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, eYurophu Western emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, oko ezinxulumene intswelo inani elikhulu kwempahla, yaye USSR - uphuhliso elibi kuqoqosho.

emali evulekileyo

Kukho iindidi ezimbini eziphambili kule meko. kwamanani Vula esizibonakalisa kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho. Kuyinto lophawu ebalulekileyo kwezoqoqosho kumazwe amaninzi. IiNdlela ziquka emali ulindelo avulekileyo oluntu kwaye ubudlelwane phakathi iindleko kunye namaxabiso. Izizathu zale meko sele kuxoxwe ngasentla. Nika ezi ntlobo emali ivulekileyo;

• Phakathi (izilwanyana). Lubonakala nokunyuswa encinci kwamaxabiso. Iimpawu lentengo evulekileyo kulo mzekelo phantse ezingabonakaliyo. nokwehla kwemali kwenzeka, ngoko ukwanda ngcathu amanani 10-12% ngonyaka ngamnye, bade ngamanye amaxesha ingqalelo kuluncedo kuqoqosho.
• Liphala emali. Le fomu sikhatshwa jump ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso - ukususela-20 ukuya 200% ngonyaka ngamnye. Ayizi phambili ukukhuthaza imveliso, kwaye kukhokelela ekwandeni kwentswelo-msebenzi kunye nokwehla kwengeniso. Rosstat data ibonisa ukuba olu hlobo yaba uphawu i-Russian Federation ngo-1990. Imeko efanayo iye yaphuhliswa kweli xesha, kunye nakwamanye amazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.
• Emali. Oko kukhatshwa ukunyuka amaxabiso nobungakanani ngeenkwenkwezi (ukusuka 200 ukuya ku-1000% ngonyaka ngamnye, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu). Xa siqwalasela zonke iintlobo kwamaxabiso evulekileyo, oku ke kuyingozi kakhulu. Ngenxa yoko kukho deformation kwisigaba lwemveliso, inkqubo imali ukujikeleza kunye nengqesho. Abemi ijonge ngokukhawuleza bahlukane imali uzithenge ixabiso lokwenene. Kuluntu kubaxa zonke izinto ezingangqinelaniyo zentlalo ekhoyo zibe kunokwenzeka kuphazamiseka eziphambili kwezopolitiko kunye ungquzulwano.

emali livunyelwe

Cinga imbono yesibini yale meko ezimbi. wazi nje ukuba le meko rhoqo uphawu kuqoqosho yolawulo-ezicwangcisiweyo. emali efihliweyo livela apho urhulumente ngokusebenzayo ukulwa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Oku uzama ngumkhenkce kubo kwinqanaba elithile. amanyathelo ukuba ukunqongophala emarikeni. Kwaye ibonisa izenzo ngokucacileyo ephosakeleyo karhulumente. Kunokuba nzima kwiimeko zangaphakathi, kukhokelele kwimeko embi, ukuba uzama ukuphelisa iimpawu zakhe. Ngoko ke, amanyathelo urhulumente ukuba ngumkhenkce amaxabiso zisoloko lilize ekuhambeni kwexesha.

nezinye iintlobo

Ukuba abstract kuzo zonke izinto ezibangela ukwenyuka, kunokuthiwa ukuze babe ukungalingani kwimfuno okanye unikezelo. Xa lizama lusekiwe kwimarike kwaye kukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. emali imfuno okubangelwa ubonelelo ngemali engaphezulu kuqoqosho. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba imivuzo abemi kunye namashishini ezikhulayo ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, kwaye isantya sokukhula bemveliso ayaphela nabo. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso izindululo ezinxulumene kunye neendleko ngokwanda yemizimveliso ukuba iimveliso. imbangela yayo ungeniselo umvuzo wesiqhelo ngenxa umsebenzi neemanyano zabasebenzi kunye nokunyuka amandla kunye nezinto ekrwada amaxabiso ngenxa lokungaphumeleli yezityalo kunye neentlekele zemvelo.

Ukongeza iintlobo adweliswe, eyedwa njenge emali eqhelekileyo. Kukholelwa ukuba yinkolelo isigxina, nto leyo akwenzi ngqiqo ukulwa. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwi-3-5% ukukhula kwamaxabiso ngonyaka ngamnye - ngundoqo ukuchuma kunye nozinzo kuqoqosho.

Ngokwemiqathango unxulumano na utshintsho kwiimeko zemarike kwimarike yorhwebo ezahlukeneyo, ayikhuphi iintlobo ezimbini emali:

• Elungeleleneyo. Kulo mzekelo, amaxabiso empahla zorhwebo ezahlukahlukeneyo zihleli zingatshintshi ngokunxulumene nesebe ngalinye. Olu hlobo kwamaxabiso akukho eyoyikekayo wezoshishino, ngokuba ishishini lisoloko likhona ithuba lokuba ukwandisa ixabiso lemakethi iimveliso zabo.
• Nesblansirovannaya. Kulo mzekelo, amaxabiso amaqela ezahlukeneyo iimveliso ezikhulayo edyokhweni. Kuyingozi ukuba ishishini. iindleko izinto ekrwada liyanyuka ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu ixabiso imveliso yokugqibela. Ngoko ke kukho ingozi yokuba ilahleko isivuno. Kulo mzekelo, akunakwenzeka rhoqo ukuchaza ikamva. Ngoko ke, maxa wambi ngokwahlukileyo chonga iintlobo ezimbini kwamaxabiso, kuxhomekeke ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqikelela ngokubonakala yale nkqubo ngaxa lithile kwixesha elizayo.

imiphumela emibi

kwafumaneka ukuba izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso eqhelekileyo 3-5% nempembelelo entle kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho emarikeni. Noko ke, ekuphumeni kolawulo, umcimbi uba unobangela eziliqela iziganeko ezimbi. Cinga ezinye zazo:

• Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kwandisa kuphakanyiswa zentlalo kubahlali karhulumente. Oku kunciphisa amathuba engqesho kunye nolondolozo. Abantu badla ukuba balahle imali (ifomu engamanzi-asethi), ukuthenga amaxabiso yokwenene. Yaye umbandela izibambiso ayisoloko ukunceda ngandlel 'ayeke esi senzeko.
• Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunciphisa amandla nkqo nkqo. I angalawulwa isidoda imali komba zokusombulula iingxaki engxamisekileyo kukhokelela ekukhuleni ukunganeliseki labantu ngamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye nokunciphisa nentembelo kubo.

Kwakhona kwiziphumo ezibi emali ziquka:

• inkqubo yemali okuqalwa.
• Idala kwemimoya kwicandelo zemali.
• Umngcipheko eveza abagxothwa nexabiso.
• Ekusasazekeni yempahla unaniselwano.
• Phantsi ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yabemi.
• Ukuncipha mali ngenxa Umngcipheko le misebenzi.
• Utshintsho kwi isakhiwo ingeniso kunye nokwakheka kwaso.
• Ukwehla kumgangatho wokuphila.

nkqubo antiinflationary

imiphumela emibi kukhokelela kwamaxabiso kukuba oorhulumente kufuneka athathe amanyathelo kwinqanaba imizimba karhulumente ukulwa le meko. Umgaqo-Anti-kwamaxabiso ibandakanya isethi sinjalo, emali kunye namanyathelo mali. imeko ngasinye esithile ifuna ukusetyenziswa indlela eyodwa isisombululo. Ngokutsho ingqikelelo OECD ukuba boyise kwamaxabiso kufuneka bajolise kwiindlela multivariate. Yaba iindlela ngokungqalileyo nangokungangqalanga yokulwa lo mhlola negative. I yangaphambili ziquka:

• Ukusasazwa mboleko ziziphathamandla zesizwe.
• ulawulo State of amaxabiso.
• Ukumiselwa imida yemivuzo.
• UmMiselo yorhwebo langaphandle ziziphathamandla zesizwe.
• Ukusekwa izinga lotshintshiselwano kwinqanaba likarhulumente kulo.

iindlela ngqo ekulweni kwamaxabiso kuquka la manyathelo alandelayo:

• UmMiselo engamaphepha komoya.
• Ukusekwa kwesantya senzala kwiibhanki zorhwebo '.
• Ulawulo loovimba imali eyimfuneko.
• imisebenzi market Vula kwizabelo ezigcinwe yi-Central Bank.

Ukhetho yamanyathelo lwenziwa phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko jikelele kwezoqoqosho. Kukho iindlela ezintathu eziphambili: iingeniso nkqubo, ukukhuthazwa kwaneliswe ummiselo imali kwegazi.

izinto zasekhaya

uhlobo Russian kwamaxabiso yahluke kakhulu ukusuka noogxa babo amazwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba oko kwasekwa inguqu ukusuka umyalelo kuqoqosho emarikeni kunye nezinga eliphezulu yokutshintsha kwamaxabiso. data Rosstat lubonisa oonobangela zilandelayo emali:

• ukungalingani zezakhiwo phakathi koshishino zokhuselo kunye namanye amashishini. Zonke iinkqubo kuqoqosho lingenako ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho, ngoko ke kufuneka ndenze utshintsho olukhulu.
• lokubanga High kwezoqoqosho. Iinkampani ezinkulu ngokwabo ukuqinisekisa inqanaba ixabiso ayingqinelani zenene rhwebo.
• Le kwemikhosi yoqoqosho, enempi enkulu, inqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso isakhiwo mveliso emkhosini. Oku kuthi kudale umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwemfuno yeempahla yabathengi, apho kwakufuneka labemi, nemibingelelo kanye imveliso.
• Isikali omkhulu karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba amazwe eRashiya nonokudala bume ukhuphiswano.

Ukuba ukhangela, ukuba kukho na ukunyuka kwamaxabiso eRashiya iminyaka (kunikwa imbali ye-USSR), inani lokuqala kwimbali mihla kwenzeka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, imfazwe yamakhaya eqhubekayo kwaye kwinqanaba lokuqala nep. Isixa semali ejikeleza kwixesha ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya 1917 banda izihlandlo 84. Oku kwaba ngenxa yokuba inkcitho enkulu emkhosini. Ukususela 1917 ukuya 1923 Isibonelelo semali ejikeleza ngaphandle kweBhanki landa nge amawaka 200 amaxesha. Inqanaba lesibini kwamaxabiso uwe kwixesha eSoviet - ixesha izicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu eyandulela kunye Second World War. Isigaba sesithathu kwenzeka emva kokuwa USSR - ngo-1992-1996.

Ukususela namhlanje, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso yingxaki womhlaba, sitsala lonke eli lizwe. Oku kubangelwa ukungalingani kuphuhliso kwemveliso lwentlalo. emali ingozi ayikho kuphela ukuba kukhokelela ekuthotyweni imigangatho yokuphila, kodwa ukuba lukwajongela uyakwazi ukulawula kuqoqosho. Kule meko ngoku, le meko Uyekile ukwenza episodic kwindalo, yaye yaba sisifo esingapheliyo yempucuko. Ke ukuba iRussia, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kubangelwa underinvestment, oko kukuthi imigudu engalunganga ze-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali kunye Central Bank. Ukujongana nayo zokwenene zasekhaya imfuneko ukugcina kumenzi wayo, kwaye avelise ulawulo ukuqina ngamaxabiso. Ukushwankathela, singatsho ukuba ukunyuka oluqhelekileyo akukho nto imbi, kodwa isivuno lo mba ngaphandle kolawulo kungakhokelela ekubeni nefuthe elikhulu elibi.